Manual Muscle Testing MMT Flashcards
00 (Zero)
No muscle contraction
1 (Trace)
Trace muscle contraction w/ no visible joint motion
2- (Poor-)
MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through partial ROM
2 (Poor)
MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through completeROM
2+ (Poor+)
MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through full ROM & holds against slight resistance
3- (Fair-)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Joint moves through partial ROM (between 50% & 100%) w/ gradual release from test position
3 (Fair)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position (no added resistance)
3+ (Fair+)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against slight resistance
4- (Good-)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against slight to moderate resistance
4 (Good)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against moderate resistance
4+ (Good+)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against moderate to strong resistance
5 (Normal)
MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against strong resistance
Scapular Protraction
-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5): They punch the sky
-Proximal Hand Placement: on humorous
-Distal Hand Placement: on forearm
Scapular Retraction
-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5):
-Proximal Hand Placement:
-Distal Hand Placement:
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2):
-Stabilization:
-Palpation (Grade 1):
Shoulder Flexion
-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5): sitting/standing, w/ shoulder flexed to 90° & forearm neutral (thumb up)
-Proximal Hand Placement:
superior aspect of shoulder girdle
-Distal Hand Placement: superior
aspect of distal humerus
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): side lying on non-test side; shoulder & forearm neutral
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): anterior
deltoid at anterior aspect of
shoulder
Shoulder Extension
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder in midrange extension
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior scapula
-Distal Hand Placement: distal
posterior humerus
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): side lying on non-test side
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): latissimus
dorsi and posterior deltoid at
lateral aspect of dorsal scapula
Shoulder Abduction
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): standing/sitting, with shoulder abducted to 90°, shoulder externally rotated and forearm supinated (thumb up)
-Proximal Hand Placement:
superior aspect of shoulder girdle
-Distal Hand Placement: lateral
aspect of distal humerus
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): supine
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): middle
deltoid at lateral aspect of
shoulder; supraspinatus at
superior aspect of scapula
Shoulder Horizontal Abduction
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90° in midrange horizontal abduction
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior scapula
-Distal Hand Placement: posterior
aspect of distal humerus
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): sitting with shoulder supported in 90° abduction and elbow in 90° flexion
-Stabilization: elbow and forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): posterior
deltoid at posterior aspect of
shoulder
Shoulder Horizontal Adduction
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): supine with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90° in midrange horizontal adduction
-Proximal Hand Placement:
anterior shoulder girdle over
clavicle (opposite shoulder)
-Distal Hand Placement: anterior
aspect of distal humerus
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): sitting with shoulder supported in 90° abduction and elbow in 90° flexion
-Stabilization: elbow and forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): elbow and
forearm
Shoulder External Rotation
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; humerus supported with towel roll to maintain alignment with the trunk in the frontal plane; shoulder in midrange external rotation
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior humerus against plinth
-Distal Hand Placement: dorsal
aspect of distal forearm
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): standing/sitting, with upper arm against side of body and elbow flexed to 90°
-Stabilization: forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor at posterior shoulder
Shoulder Internal Rotation
-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; humerus supported with towel roll to maintain alignment with the trunk in the frontal plane; shoulder in midrange internal rotation
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior humerus against plinth
-Distal Hand Placement: volar
aspect of distal forearm
-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): standing (shown) or sitting, with upper arm against side of body and elbow flexed to 90°
-Stabilization: forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1):
standing/sitting, with upper arm
against side of body and elbow
flexed to 90°
Agonist
Prime Mover (muscles on the concentric side)
Antagonist
Contrasting Muscle (muscles on the eccentric side)
Synergistic
Muscles that assist the prime mover (when two muscles are doing two different functions but need eachother to do the separate functions)
Importance of proximal stability
In order to have proper functioning and mobility in distal structures – like our legs and arms – we must first make sure we’re stable at proximal structures – like our core and more mid-line structures