ANATOMY EXAM 2: BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
Heart function: Right and left
R side: pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for reoxygenation
L side: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aortic valve to the aorta
Unique characteristics of the heart
Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractability
Rhythmicity
Cardiac cycle
One cardiac cycle is the process of:
-diastole (heart fills w/ blood; relaxed)
-systole (heart pumps blood to the chambers)
How does the ANS affect heart rate (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
-Parasympathetic: slows heartbeat
-Sympathetic: accelerates heartbeat
Difference between arteries and veins and capillaries
Arteries: blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; occurs in L side of heart; have thicker walls; found deeper in the skin
Veins: Blood vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood away from the body and to the heart; occurs in R side of heart (which then pumps blood to the lungs for reoxygenation); have thinner walls; found closer to the surface
Capillaries: bridge arteries and veins; provide nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the tissues; allow for waste to pass from the tissues and into the blood
The main artery to the UE and to the forearm into hand for BP
Brachial artery and radial artery
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration: inhaling oxygen –> provide O2 to tissue
Expiration: exhaling CO2 –> remove CO2 from body
Ventilation and Perfusion
Ventilation: inhalation and expiration; occurs through changes in pressure gradients from a high-pressure area (the body) to a low-pressure area (outside the body).
Perfusion: the blood flow through pulmonary capillaries.
Role of the endocrine system
Controls many aspects of human physiology (growth & development, metabolism, immune system function, reproduction, & water/electrolyte regulation); works w/ the nervous system to regulate homeostasis; relies on hormones.
Dopamine
Inhibits the release of prolactin; usually acts as a neurotransmitter
Prolactin
stimulates breast development & milk production; affects sex hormone levels
Corticosteroids
steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)
Planes of Motion
*Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left sides.
-Midsagittal plane in center of body
(midline)
-Flexion and extension movements
*Frontal (Coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
-Abduction and adduction movements
*Transverse plane: Divides body into inferior and superior portions
-Rotatory (rotary) movements
Axes of Motion
“Think of axes like a door hinge”
Joints rotate around axes of motion; axis is joint’s center of rotation.
*Frontal axis:
-Medial to lateral
-Sagittal plane movement would be
around the frontal axis
*Sagittal axis:
-Anterior to posterior
-Frontal plane movement would be around
the sagittal axis
*Vertical axis:
-Inferior to superior
- Transverse plane movement will be
around a vertical axis
Axes-Plane Pairs:
-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane
Limb Position
-Medial: closest to the body’s midline point.
-Lateral: farthest from the body’s midline
point.
*Relative terms
-Proximal: closest to the trunk of the body.
-Distal: farthest from the trunk of the body.
*Relative position to trunk
-Radial: thumb side of the arm.
-Ulnar: pinky side of the arm.
*Relative position on forearm, wrist,
and hand
-Superior: above
-Inferior: below
-Cranial: direction of the skull
-Caudal: beneath or toward the tail
-Ipsilateral: same side of body
-Contralateral: opposite side of body
-Volar (supine): refers to palms facing up
Understand the role of each structure within a synovial joint
*Articulating Surfaces: Bone ends
*Articular (hyaline) cartilage: Multiple layers
of dense connective tissue that covers ends
of long bone to absorb force between
bones
*Joint capsule: Dense fibrous sleeve around
synovial joint, containing synovial fluid for
passive stability.
*Supporting ligaments: Connect bone to
bone for joint stability.
*Synovial Fluid: Natural lubricant made by
body movement between bone ends.
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise
Application: The motion of the client is able to generate independently without assistance.
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Movement applied to a joint solely by another person or persons
Application: involves motion produced externally by the occupational therapy practitioner, another healthcare provider, or the patient (using the opposite hand to perform PROM). May also be generated by a medical device, such as a custom, dynamic orthosis or constant passive motion (CPM) device.
Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)
Uses the muscles around a weak joint to complete stretching exercises; involving some combination of patient and clinician effort may be used to facilitate motion when the goal is conservative activation of muscles and joint movement
Application: After a joint replacement, or soft tissue repair, AAROM may be a desired intervention to carefully transition to full active movement.
Opened-Packed Position
Involves free movement of the distal body segment, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others. Requires less muscle recruitment, as mobility is prioritized over stability for these types of movements.
Application: a maestro waving a baton to conduct an orchestra.
Closed-Packed Position
Involves the proximal (joints) moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment. Close-chain patterns promote stabilization of joints and generally recruit more muscles to support the various joints in the chain.
Application: example using the upper extremities is pushing a grocery cart.
Vitals: Heart Rate
of bpm
-Newborns/Neonates (1-28 days old): 120-160 BPM
-Infants (1-12 mo): 100-120 BPM
-Children (1-8 years): 80-100 BPM
-Adult: 60-100 BPM
Vitals: Blood Pressure
A measure of the amount of force of circulating blood on the arterial blood vessels
-Adult Norm: 110/70 or less than 120/80
-Prehypertension: 120/80 to 139/90
-Hypertension:
-Stage 1: 140/90 to 159/99
-Stage 2: Anything higher than 160/100
Vitals: Respiratory Rate
of times the chest rises and falls with complete ventilation
-Norm: 12-20 rise and falls per minute
Pulse-Ox
Measures blood oxygen levels
-Norm: Anything above 90%
Pain Level
measured from 1-10
Degrees of Freedom: Gliding
Lease Movement (0 degrees of Freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Saddle
Biaxial (2 degrees of Freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Hinge
Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Pivot
Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Ball and Socket
Triaxial (3 degrees of freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Ellipsoid Joint
Biaxial (2 degrees of freedom)
Scapula Movements
-Elevation/Depression
-Upward/Downward Rotation
-Protraction/Retraction
Scapulothoracic (ST) Joint
-Structure: Convex-concave
-Articulation: No connection; scapula floats over ribcage.
-Mechanical Class: Atypical
-Movements:
-Gliding: Elevation/Depression, Ab-/
Adduction.
-Rotation: Internal/External,
Upward/Downward.
-Tilt: Anterior/Posterior
Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint
-Structure: Saddle
-Articulation: Clavicular notch on manubrium of sternum to sternal end of clavicle.
-Mechanical Class: Biaxial
-Movements: Elevation/Depression, Protraction/Retraction, Posterior/Anterior Rotation.
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint
-Structure: Gliding
-Articulation: Acromion & clavicle
-Mechanical Class: Biaxial
-Movements: Anterior/posterior &
superior/inferior gliding
Glenohumeral (GHJ) Joint
-Structure: Ball-and-socket
-Articulation: Humeral head & glenoid cavity of scapula.
-Mechanical Class: Triaxial
-Movements: Flexion/extension, ab-/adduction
Humeroulnar Joint
Structure: Hinge
Articulation: Humerus & ulna
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements: Flexion/extension
Humeroradial Joint
Structure: Modified hinge
Articulation: Humerus & radius
Mechanical Class: Biaxial
Movements: Flexion/extension & rotation
Proximal Radioulnar (PRUJ) Joint
Structure: Pivot
Articulation: Head of radius & radial fossa of ulna
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements: Pronation/supination
Distal Radioulnar (DRUJ) Joint
Structure: Pivot
Articulation: Distal head of ulna & ulnar notch of radius
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements:Pronation/supination
Plane and Axis Pairs
-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse plane
Flexion
Hyperflexion: excessive flexion of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.
Lateral Flexion: bending the body toward the right or left side.
Extension
Hyperextension: excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.
Adduction
A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.
think: you ADD the part to your body with ADDuction
Abduction
The motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body.
think: when someone gets ABDucted
Circumduction
The orderly combination of shoulder movements so that the hand traces a circle, and the arm traces a cone.
Rotation
Movements made about the vertical axis and in the transverse plane.
Supination
Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward, or the palm faces upward.
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down.
Protraction
To protrude or stick out a part of the body.
Retraction
Movement that results in the protracted portion of the body being moved back to its original position.
Elevation
The movement superiorly or rising of a body part.
Depression
The movement inferiorly or lowering down of a body part.
Excursion
The side-to-side movement of the mandible.
Superior Rotation
The upward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward.
Inferior Rotation
The downward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves upward.
Opposition
Positioning something near or close to each other.
Example: Opposition of the thumb would be the action of having your thumb touch your pinky.
Reposition
Positioning something away from each other.
Example: Reposition of the thumb, the thumb and finger return to their original position.
Fast-twitch fibers
*Type II Fibers
*Powerful contractions
- Think, sprinting; it’s a short-term activity that cannot be sustained for an entire day. These types of muscles function in short bursts. Using your hand to write or type
Slow-twitch fibers
*Type 1 fibers
*Low force over a long period of time
*More resistant to fatigue
*Think, postural muscles; we can stay upright, and it doesn’t require exertion the muscles do not give out with time.
Isometric contraction
Contraction with NO change in length
Example: Isometric: holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees
Isotonic contraction
Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion
*Concentric: shortening
Example: bringing mug to
mouth
*Eccentric: lengthening
Example: lowering mug
back to table
Center of gravity
In the anatomical position it’s in the “lower abdominal” region, but moves with our movement.
Example: Backpack in front of you shifts center of gravity in front of you. Backpack on back shifts it behind you.
Lever Systems
1st class lever: The axis (fulcrum) is in the center of resistance and effort.
Application: head and neck during neck extension {atlanto-occipital joint}
2nd class: Axis, Resistance, Effort.
Application: Standing on tippy toes (axis=ball of foot, the resistance = heel, calf muscle = effort.)
3rd class: Axis, Effort, Resistance.
Application: Bending the arm (axis = elbow, effort = bicep tendon in radial tuberosity, resistance = what is being held.)
**Think of resistance as “the thing that is being moved” and effort as “the thing that is moving”.
Newton’s Law: Connection to safe mobility & OT
1st Law (Inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force acts upon it.
*We (OTs) are force acting on
pt.
Example:
-Pulling the client to the edge of a bed with a slide sheet.
2nd Law (f=ma): Acceleration of a body is proportionate to the forces and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body. (Simple terms: The size of something is directly related to the amount of force required.)
Example:
-If a person is taller or bigger, one would have to slowly help them to the ground or it would probably require more people to help the client when they fall.
3rd Law: For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Examples:
-As a client is raised with a
Hoyer lift, gravity pulls them
down. (Without gravity, the client
would be flung out of the lift.)
Agonist Muscle
Prime Mover (muscles on the concentric side)
Antagonist Muscle
Contrasting Muscle (muscles on the eccentric side)
Synergists
Muscles that assist the prime mover (when two muscles are doing two different functions but need eachother to do the separate functions)
Bicep Reflex
Innervation: C5, C6
Function: Flexion
Procedure: Place thumb on bicep tendon and strike thumb with reflex hammer.
Brachioradialis Reflex
Innervation: C5, C6
Function: Supination of forearm
Procedure: Strike brachioradialis tendon (3 ins above wrist) directly with a hammer when the patients arm is at rest.
Triceps Reflex
Innervation: C6, mainly C7
Function: Extension
Procedure: Strike triceps tendon directly with hammer while holding patient’s arm (free fall), with other arm.
Quadriceps Reflex
Innervation: L3, mainly L4
Function: Extension
Procedure: Lower leg hangs freely off edge, strike quad tendon directly with hammer.
LITE Assessment
Method to assess important factors impacting moving and handling situations.
LITE Assessment: L component
-Load: The client or individual being moved.
*Consider client condition & how it affects transfer
LITE Assessment: I component
-Individual: The individual moving the client
*Am I capable of completing the transfer alone?
LITE Assessment: T component
-Task: The moving and handling activity
*What is required for this task? Cognitive, social, and physical
requirements?
Frequency?
LITE Assessment: E component
-Environment: Where the movement is occurring
- How can I adapt the environment to accommodate the task? Can furniture be moved to create space?
If it’s home care, can we bargain to create space?
