Final Exam Flashcards
Brain Development:
Beginning is the Embryonic-flat disc, what are the 3 layers and what do they become?
*Endoderm—becomes many internal organs
*Mesoderm—becomes musculoskeletal
*Ectoderm—becomes CNS; PNS and skin
Embryonic Development of the Nervous System
- Neural Groove (dent in the center of the embryonic disc, looks like a mustache; begins development)
*Neural folds (walls of the groove; mustache tails)
*Neural tube (neural folds that come together and fuse)
*Neural crest (bits that are pinched off when the tube rolls up)
*Neural crest becomes the Peripheral Nervous System
Brain Regions: Embryo- 1 Month
-Forebrain
-Midbrain
-Hindbrain
Brain Regions: Embryo- 5 Weeks
Forebrain becomes:
-Telencephalon
-Diencepahlon
Midbrain becomes:
-Mesencephalon
Hindbrain becomes:
-Metencephalon
-Myelencephalon
Brain Regions: Structures in Adulthood
Telencephalon becomes:
-Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres; includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencepahlon becomes:
-Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Mesencephalon becomes:
-Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Metencephalon becomes:
-Pons (part of brainstem)
-Cerebellum
Myelencephalon becomes:
-Medulla Oblingata (part of brainstem)
Role of Grey Matter
(cell bodies and dendrites of neurons)
-Not myelinated
-Process information in the brain by processing signals generated in the sensory organs or other areas of the grey matter, directing sensory (motor) stimuli to nerve cells in the CNS where synapses induce a response to the stimuli.
-Forms the cortex (edge/outer layer) of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
-Folds and raised areas called the Gyrus
-Depressions within the gyrus is called the Sulcus
Role of White Matter
(axons bundles of neurons)
-Myelinated
-Helps the body process information by connecting regions that send and receive signals, affecting the ability to focus and learn, solve problems, and stay balanced when walking
-Surrounds the nuclei in the brain stem
-Forms the core of the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres
-Fibers connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
-Corpus callosum lies above the diencephalon and is the bridge between the hemispheres
-Projection fibers carry impulses to the lower centers of the brain stem and SC in one direction, up or down
Role of Basal ganglia
-This is movement initiation and control
-Basal ganglia communicates with the cortical motor areas, cortex transfers the information to the tracts. Relies on sensory input from the environment
-Located at the base of the cerebral hemispheres and in the midbrain.
-Types include:
-Striatum
-Globus pallidus
-Subthalamic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Basal ganglia function as a whole
-Influence through descending pathways from the cortical motor areas
-Motor loop cycle
*Cerebral cortex—-basal ganglia——through thalamus—–back to cortex
In the brain, white matter is found inside the brain and grey matter is found on the outside. Where are they on the spinal cord?
White matter is on he outside of the spinal cord and the grey matter is on the inside.
Brain Regions & Function: Frontal
Primary motor area impacts muscle groups
-Generates movement on the opposite side of the body
-Cell bodies project to groups of muscles not isolated muscles
-Consider the motor homunculus
Premotor area requires involvement from other lobes to plan a motor task integrated with the occipital and temporal lobes for vision and auditory to guide body movement by integrating sensory information and controls muscle group that are closest to the body’s midline. Neurons descend directly to SC or indirectly via the primary motor cortex.
Supplementary motor area isn’t autonomic, is internally planned.
-Planning of movement that is internally directed
Motor speech area if there is a speech defect going on then that means that there is something going on in the left side of the frontal lobe of the brain.
-Broca’s production of fluent speech
Prefrontal area connected to the limbic system to control the emotional aspect basically a reaction to a motor activity.
-Interacts with the limbic system and controls the emotional aspect of movement
-Planning of goal directed movement and behavior, and modifies according the changes in the environment (executive function)
Brain Regions & Function: Parietal
-Sensory processing from receptors in all parts of the body including eyes and ears
-Awareness of body parts position in space during movement and spatial awareness of the environment
Somatosensory area
-Pathways from skin receptors, muscles, and joints on the opposite side of the body connect with the primary sensory cortex via the thalamus
Sensory association area
-Processing of sensory information—being able to identify objects, temperature, weight, shape, size without vision=stereognosis
-Body scheme-position of body in relation to each other and space
-Also receives input from visual and auditory about the environment
-All giving the ability to use objects and tools
Brain Regions & Function: Temporal
-Processes auditory information
-Memory
-Wernicke’s area—extension of the auditory association and plays a role in receptive speech and language
-Visual and auditory input from written and spoken word
-Memory —specifically the hippocampus—helps us find our way
Brain Regions & Function: Occipital
Primary vision—striate cortex
-Information from the retina is processed in each striate cortex
-The left half of the visual field for both eyes is processed in the right striate cortex and visa versa for the right
Prestriate cortex
-In association with the parietal and temporal lobes, involves recognition of objects, faces, and in understanding the written word.
Brain Regions & Function: Cerebellum
Also known as the “little brain”
Responsible for coordinated and accurate movement.
Brain Regions & Function: Brainstem
-Midbrain: a relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing
-Pons: 90% of synapse occur & relay info to the cerebellum. Connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
-Medulla Oblongata: Connection for different motor & sensory functions (hearing, taste, and tongue movement (CN XII), touch->somatic sensory info from the SC to thalamus
Brain Regions & Function: 4th Ventricle
Processes sensory information, control of voluntary movement, and regulates ANS.
Understand that the cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain and has the highest level of neuronal organization and function
Organized into distinct functional areas made up of sensory, motor and association areas. It has a broad range of functions including perception and awareness of sensory information, planning, and initiation of motor activity.
Understand that the right and left hemispheres control…
…the opposite side of the body’s motor and sensory function
Homunculus
MAP OF WHAT PARTS OF THE MOTOR CORTEX ARE DEDICATED TO CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BODY
-Depicts how much brain space is required for certain sensory and motor aspects
-Represents the movements of individual body parts, which often require the coordinated activity of large groups of muscles throughout the body (does not represent the movement of individual muscles, but represents them as a coordinated group)
The difference between the basal ganglia and cerebellum with regards to their individual role in movement
Basal ganglia initiates movement while the cerebellum adds fine motor adjustments for balance and motor actions.
Understand the differences between the “subsections” of the motor cortex
Frontal Lobe
*Primary motor area
-Generates movement on the opposite side of the body
-Cell bodies project to groups of muscles not isolated muscles
-Consider the motor homunculus
*Premotor area
-Integrated with the occipital and temporal lobes for vision and auditory to guide body movement by integrating sensory information and controls muscle group that are closest to the body’s midline
-Neurons descend directly to SC or indirectly via the primary motor cortex
*Supplementary motor area
-Planning of movement that is internally directed
*Motor speech area
-Broca’s production of fluent speech
*Prefrontal area
-Interacts with the limbic system and controls the emotional aspect of movement
-Planning of goal directed movement and behavior, and modifies according the changes in the environment (executive function)
Differentiate between the different type of sensation
*Pain- sharp cutting; dull burning; deep aching
*Temperature- warm/hot; cool/cold
*Touch (tactile)- Itch/tickle & crude touch; discriminative touch (touch, pressure, flutter, vibration)
*Proprioception- (internal forces generated by position and movement) Position: static forces (muscle length and tension; joint pressure. Movement: dynamic forces (muscle length and tension; joint pressure; joint angle).
