Mammels Flashcards
Fats?
insulation
energy reserve around organs
Is the dermis weak or strong?
strong
What makes the skin strong?
Collagen and elsastin
What can be replaced in skin and what cant be replaced?
Collagen
elastin
Oil glands?
keeps hair waterproof
What is the oil gland called?
sebaceous
What type of glands are pubic hairs connected to?
scent glands (apocrime glands)
Eccrine glands?
Sweat glands that dont relate to hair
releases salt through pores and water is drawn out
What do eccrine glands do?
draw moisture from skin (using salt) to sweat
Also excretes blood plasma (sugary)
Draws anomia waste out to be excreted too
keritincytes?
shed quick
Melanocytes?
release melano cells (colors the cell)
Lysosomal compounds?
digested
Metal Bnding Proteins?
gets metal out of meat in colon
Apocrine glands?
big chunks are being filled with proteign and fat are pinched off
Holocrime Glands?
They release whole cells (reproductive and thymas/immune)
Milk?
Antibotic then nutrious
Pro
first
theria
live birth
mono
one
thermia
hole (cloaca)
Meta
Partial
Eu
True
What are the two types of Theria?
Metatheria
Eutheria
What one group is in Protheria?
Monothermia
Cloaca?
Universal opening for egg laying animals
Monotremata?
Pectoral girdle holds coracoid
Lack corpus callosum (bridge between right and left brain)
Cloacal
Lack nipples
What animals make up monotremata?
Duck bill platipus (has bill, no teethm and heel spike with venon and only found in Austrailia and New Zealand)
Short nose spiny anteater (in New Zealand)
Morganucodom?
Changes in upper jaw
Developed hard pallate
Maxilla becomes thicker
Sucking is needed to breastfeed
Egg laying mammels?
Has an egg pouch
Eggs and poop goes through cloaca
what kind of milk is more for nutrition and pouches?
progeteone
What kind of milk is more for antibotical?
estrogene
How many utuerouses does a kangaroo have?
2
Why do kangaroos have 2 uteriouses
when they are producing milk, the second embryo freezes for 8 months in the blastula stage
Metatheria?
marsupials lack well developed placenta to protet the growing embryo
requires early delivery and maturation in a pouch
Eutheria?
Strong barriar against immune system and an umbilical cord to provide nutrients through the yolk
Progeteone?
pregnancy hormone after the egg is fertilized
Estragene?
Woman hormone that tells a mate she is fertile
Pleyocosaurs?
oldest group before the other mammals
Carboniferous?
CO2 was sucked out of the atmosphere from plants
When did the pleyocosaurs thrive and why?
Carboniferorous Period
they are poikilotherms
Characterists of pleycosaurs?
they have a big wedge on their backs that abosorb hear gigantotherms big and heats slow its fin insulated hi at night Gets heat radiatively (through the sun)
What group comes after pleycosaurs?
therapsids
Characteristics of therapsids
developed thermoregulation and abseses
Have a synapsid skull (kinetic skull: snaps jaw shut like sissors)
Endothermic
What group comes after therapsids?
Cynodonts
Characterists of Cynodonts
Dog teeth
Have a perpendicular jaw
Jaw advances
What are the jaw advances in cynodonts?
Muscles increase in size so they attach outside
now the mouth goes up and down, so they need new teeth
New jaw muscles help jaw go up and down (inside from the pariatal to inside of jaw and grows outward. the temporal and zygomatic expand to support it)
Pariatal bone must expand to cover empty space
jaw muscles grow as pariatle grows
The massitor (chewing muscle attached to the dentary) is on the outside of the jaw (makes jaw go side to side)
can now grind their teeth and food
The superficial massetor helps make the jaw go forward and back
Front teeth?
Incisons (scissor teeth)
Second teeth?
canine (piercing tooth)
Third teeth?
Premolars (bicusps or two cusps)
Back teeth?
Molar cusps (6-8 cusps)
What two sets of teeth make up the pulzerizing grind?
molars and premolars
What makes up the bones in the back of the jaw that later turn into the middle ear?
malleus and incus
What processes sound?
cochlea
Endotherm?
internal temperature
ecto
external
poikilo
fluctualting by 1000
homeo
same
Hominid kingdom
Animalia
Hominid phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Family
Hominoidea
Homino
human
ideas
in the form of
Genus
gorilla
Pan (chimps)
Homo (humans
Species
Sapien
Austrlapithicus?
more bipedalism
Homohabilis?
makes proto axes
has thumbs
habilis?
tool user
Homoerectus?
brain doubles in size\
more specific tools
Controlled fire
Food could now be mushy
erectious
tall
Neanderthalensis?
European
profound eyebrow ridge
Heidelbergensis?
East European
profound eyebrow ridge
Sapien?
Universal
Trace the CHanges observed in the skull structure from early synapsid to modern mammal?
Pleyocsaurs: grew dermal bones on the outside of the muscles
The temporal and zygomatic make a gap, the pariatle bone expands to fill in the gap
Cynodont: the muscle is attached to the outside and inside of the jaw to move the jaw side to side and up and down, massitor makes it go side to side; the superficial massitor is created to make a jaw go forward and back; the maxilla must expand; bones fuse together to make the hard pallate (makes it able to suck); led to a perpendicular jaw
Teeth need to change from cainine to molars and pre molars
The hinge joint in the bone then shrink and get incorportated into the middle ear. The tempanic membrane helps release engery into the ear.
Quadrate and articulate bones were pushed back into the incus and malluous
Trace the path of mamary gland development?
Monotremata: The premature baby is in a pouch that gives off milk. It includes metal binding proteigns, antibotic sygars, and lysosomal compounds. (Estrogen cycle) (antibotical)
It is clear
Marsuplies have milk more for fat and sugar (lactose) (progesterone)
Humans milk does not provide antibiotic, but more nutritions
Milk to lactation to direct supply through embilical chord to keep both alive
What was the developement difference in humans?
Chimps: public bone fuses out
Humans: fused forward
Why did we not come from chimps?
The animals that are stem group animals were not chimps
Where did was the split to humans?
australopithecus
bipedalism because they had to be nomatic because of drought
Bipedalism?
Use glute muscles and moved legs forward to make animals go nomatic
What is the first human group?
homohabilis
human tool user (handaxes and has a thumb)
What was after homohabilis?
homoerectus
Homoerectus?
tall most successful species of humans ever tool use controlled fire (lets them cook their food or underground tubors) brain size doubles
What comes after homoerectus?
Heidelbergersis
Neanderthalensis
Sapians
Why did Sapians survive and Heidelbergersis and Neanderthanalensis didnt?
We took up agriculture and kept people out of the land
WHat is the only protheria group?
Monotremata
Have coricoid and have cloaca
Difference between egg layers and live birth?
Metatheria: partial birth; embilical is not for transfering nurtrients; the chorion is used to get gas to and from mom; doesnt really protect the immune system; the immune system would attack if it got older, so it leaves for the pouch
Eutheria: true birth (mom can abort baby if needed to help her health); lactate to give nutrients; require nutrients for half as long; in womb for two or three times longer; the embilical chord, chorian, and allatonis make plecenta; better immune system
Outside skin?
Epidermis
Lowest skin?
Hypodermis
What is in the hypodermis?
fat
Veins
Arteries
and nerves
What is in the dermis?
Gives strength in skin
collegen gives strength to skin
eslastin fibers give it elasticity
Sevaceous glands (attached to hair folicles)
Apocarine glands (attached to hair folicles)
Capilary bed (veins and arteries)
Eccrine Glands
What is in the epidermis?
The barriar: basement membrane
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Stem cells
