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Biology II > Mammels > Flashcards

Mammels Flashcards

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1
Q

Fats?

A

insulation

energy reserve around organs

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2
Q

Is the dermis weak or strong?

A

strong

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3
Q

What makes the skin strong?

A

Collagen and elsastin

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4
Q

What can be replaced in skin and what cant be replaced?

A

Collagen

elastin

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5
Q

Oil glands?

A

keeps hair waterproof

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6
Q

What is the oil gland called?

A

sebaceous

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7
Q

What type of glands are pubic hairs connected to?

A

scent glands (apocrime glands)

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8
Q

Eccrine glands?

A

Sweat glands that dont relate to hair

releases salt through pores and water is drawn out

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9
Q

What do eccrine glands do?

A

draw moisture from skin (using salt) to sweat
Also excretes blood plasma (sugary)
Draws anomia waste out to be excreted too

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10
Q

keritincytes?

A

shed quick

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11
Q

Melanocytes?

A

release melano cells (colors the cell)

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12
Q

Lysosomal compounds?

A

digested

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13
Q

Metal Bnding Proteins?

A

gets metal out of meat in colon

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14
Q

Apocrine glands?

A

big chunks are being filled with proteign and fat are pinched off

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15
Q

Holocrime Glands?

A

They release whole cells (reproductive and thymas/immune)

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16
Q

Milk?

A

Antibotic then nutrious

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17
Q

Pro

A

first

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18
Q

theria

A

live birth

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19
Q

mono

A

one

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20
Q

thermia

A

hole (cloaca)

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21
Q

Meta

A

Partial

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22
Q

Eu

A

True

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23
Q

What are the two types of Theria?

A

Metatheria

Eutheria

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24
Q

What one group is in Protheria?

A

Monothermia

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25
Q

Cloaca?

A

Universal opening for egg laying animals

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26
Q

Monotremata?

A

Pectoral girdle holds coracoid
Lack corpus callosum (bridge between right and left brain)
Cloacal
Lack nipples

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27
Q

What animals make up monotremata?

A

Duck bill platipus (has bill, no teethm and heel spike with venon and only found in Austrailia and New Zealand)
Short nose spiny anteater (in New Zealand)

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28
Q

Morganucodom?

A

Changes in upper jaw
Developed hard pallate
Maxilla becomes thicker
Sucking is needed to breastfeed

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29
Q

Egg laying mammels?

A

Has an egg pouch

Eggs and poop goes through cloaca

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30
Q

what kind of milk is more for nutrition and pouches?

A

progeteone

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31
Q

What kind of milk is more for antibotical?

A

estrogene

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32
Q

How many utuerouses does a kangaroo have?

A

2

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33
Q

Why do kangaroos have 2 uteriouses

A

when they are producing milk, the second embryo freezes for 8 months in the blastula stage

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34
Q

Metatheria?

A

marsupials lack well developed placenta to protet the growing embryo
requires early delivery and maturation in a pouch

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35
Q

Eutheria?

A

Strong barriar against immune system and an umbilical cord to provide nutrients through the yolk

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36
Q

Progeteone?

A

pregnancy hormone after the egg is fertilized

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37
Q

Estragene?

A

Woman hormone that tells a mate she is fertile

38
Q

Pleyocosaurs?

A

oldest group before the other mammals

39
Q

Carboniferous?

A

CO2 was sucked out of the atmosphere from plants

40
Q

When did the pleyocosaurs thrive and why?

A

Carboniferorous Period

they are poikilotherms

41
Q

Characterists of pleycosaurs?

A 
they have a big wedge on their backs that abosorb hear
gigantotherms
big and heats slow
its fin insulated hi at night
Gets heat radiatively (through the sun)
42
Q

What group comes after pleycosaurs?

A

therapsids

43
Q

Characteristics of therapsids

A

developed thermoregulation and abseses
Have a synapsid skull (kinetic skull: snaps jaw shut like sissors)
Endothermic

44
Q

What group comes after therapsids?

A

Cynodonts

45
Q

Characterists of Cynodonts

A

Dog teeth
Have a perpendicular jaw
Jaw advances

46
Q

What are the jaw advances in cynodonts?

A

Muscles increase in size so they attach outside
now the mouth goes up and down, so they need new teeth
New jaw muscles help jaw go up and down (inside from the pariatal to inside of jaw and grows outward. the temporal and zygomatic expand to support it)
Pariatal bone must expand to cover empty space
jaw muscles grow as pariatle grows
The massitor (chewing muscle attached to the dentary) is on the outside of the jaw (makes jaw go side to side)
can now grind their teeth and food
The superficial massetor helps make the jaw go forward and back

47
Q

Front teeth?

A

Incisons (scissor teeth)

48
Q

Second teeth?

A

canine (piercing tooth)

49
Q

Third teeth?

A

Premolars (bicusps or two cusps)

50
Q

Back teeth?

A

Molar cusps (6-8 cusps)

51
Q

What two sets of teeth make up the pulzerizing grind?

A

molars and premolars

52
Q

What makes up the bones in the back of the jaw that later turn into the middle ear?

A

malleus and incus

53
Q

What processes sound?

A

cochlea

54
Q

Endotherm?

A

internal temperature

55
Q

ecto

A

external

56
Q

poikilo

A

fluctualting by 1000

57
Q

homeo

A

same

58
Q

Hominid kingdom

A

Animalia

59
Q

Hominid phylum

A

Chordata

60
Q

Class

A

Mammalia

61
Q

Order

A

Primates

62
Q

Family

A

Hominoidea

63
Q

Homino

A

human

64
Q

ideas

A

in the form of

65
Q

Genus

A

gorilla
Pan (chimps)
Homo (humans

66
Q

Species

A

Sapien

67
Q

Austrlapithicus?

A

more bipedalism

68
Q

Homohabilis?

A

makes proto axes

has thumbs

69
Q

habilis?

A

tool user

70
Q

Homoerectus?

A

brain doubles in size\
more specific tools
Controlled fire
Food could now be mushy

71
Q

erectious

A

tall

72
Q

Neanderthalensis?

A

European

profound eyebrow ridge

73
Q

Heidelbergensis?

A

East European

profound eyebrow ridge

74
Q

Sapien?

A

Universal

75
Q

Trace the CHanges observed in the skull structure from early synapsid to modern mammal?

A

Pleyocsaurs: grew dermal bones on the outside of the muscles
The temporal and zygomatic make a gap, the pariatle bone expands to fill in the gap
Cynodont: the muscle is attached to the outside and inside of the jaw to move the jaw side to side and up and down, massitor makes it go side to side; the superficial massitor is created to make a jaw go forward and back; the maxilla must expand; bones fuse together to make the hard pallate (makes it able to suck); led to a perpendicular jaw
Teeth need to change from cainine to molars and pre molars
The hinge joint in the bone then shrink and get incorportated into the middle ear. The tempanic membrane helps release engery into the ear.
Quadrate and articulate bones were pushed back into the incus and malluous

76
Q

Trace the path of mamary gland development?

A

Monotremata: The premature baby is in a pouch that gives off milk. It includes metal binding proteigns, antibotic sygars, and lysosomal compounds. (Estrogen cycle) (antibotical)
It is clear
Marsuplies have milk more for fat and sugar (lactose) (progesterone)
Humans milk does not provide antibiotic, but more nutritions
Milk to lactation to direct supply through embilical chord to keep both alive

77
Q

What was the developement difference in humans?

A

Chimps: public bone fuses out
Humans: fused forward

78
Q

Why did we not come from chimps?

A

The animals that are stem group animals were not chimps

79
Q

Where did was the split to humans?

A

australopithecus

bipedalism because they had to be nomatic because of drought

80
Q

Bipedalism?

A

Use glute muscles and moved legs forward to make animals go nomatic

81
Q

What is the first human group?

A

homohabilis

human tool user (handaxes and has a thumb)

82
Q

What was after homohabilis?

A

homoerectus

83
Q

Homoerectus?

A 
tall
most successful species of humans ever
tool use
controlled fire (lets them cook their food or underground tubors)
brain size doubles
84
Q

What comes after homoerectus?

A

Heidelbergersis
Neanderthalensis
Sapians

85
Q

Why did Sapians survive and Heidelbergersis and Neanderthanalensis didnt?

A

We took up agriculture and kept people out of the land

86
Q

WHat is the only protheria group?

A

Monotremata

Have coricoid and have cloaca

87
Q

Difference between egg layers and live birth?

A

Metatheria: partial birth; embilical is not for transfering nurtrients; the chorion is used to get gas to and from mom; doesnt really protect the immune system; the immune system would attack if it got older, so it leaves for the pouch
Eutheria: true birth (mom can abort baby if needed to help her health); lactate to give nutrients; require nutrients for half as long; in womb for two or three times longer; the embilical chord, chorian, and allatonis make plecenta; better immune system

88
Q

Outside skin?

A

Epidermis

89
Q

Lowest skin?

A

Hypodermis

90
Q

What is in the hypodermis?

A

fat
Veins
Arteries
and nerves

91
Q

What is in the dermis?

A

Gives strength in skin
collegen gives strength to skin
eslastin fibers give it elasticity
Sevaceous glands (attached to hair folicles)
Apocarine glands (attached to hair folicles)
Capilary bed (veins and arteries)
Eccrine Glands

92
Q

What is in the epidermis?

A

The barriar: basement membrane
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Stem cells

Biology II (15 decks)

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