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reproductive > male reproductive system > Flashcards

male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

is a congenital abnormality in which one or both testes are not found in their normal position in the scrotum. Theoretically could be related to (a) developmental disorders of gonad, (b) endocrine factors or © mechanical factors that prevent the passage of the fetal testis through the inguinal canal.

A

Cryptorchidism, clinically known as undescended testis

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2
Q

descent of the testes depend on

A

mullerian inhibiting substance and androgen

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3
Q

complications of cyptorchidism (2)

A
  1. sterility

2. malignancy

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4
Q

is cryptochidism common?

A

1% occurrence

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5
Q

germ cell tumor:

seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma

A

seminomatous tumor of testicular origin

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6
Q

germ cell tumor:

Embryonal carcinoma
Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma

A

non-seminomatous tumors of testicular origin

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7
Q

leydig cell tumor and sertoli cell tumor

A

sex cord- stromal tumors of testicular origin

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8
Q

If there is no potential for differentiation- ________ will be developed. If there is a potential for further fetal tissue differentiation tumor progression to ___________ can occur

A

If there is no potential for differentiation- seminoma will be developed. If there is a potential for further fetal tissue differentiation tumor progression to embryonal carcinoma can occur

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9
Q

predisposing factors for testicular cancer

A
  1. cryptorchidism
  2. testicular dysgenesis
  3. white>blacks
  4. isochromosome or extra 12p- germ cell tumors
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10
Q

extra copies of 12p associated with tumor progression and treatment failure, particularly in _____________ germ cell tumors

A

non-seminomatous

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11
Q

what is the percent of ITGCN development of cancer in 5 years

A

50%

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12
Q

Routine pathway starting from ITGN does not play a role in these tumors (3)

A
  1. Spermatocytic seminoma >65years
  2. Childhood: <4 years – yolk sac
  3. Prepubertal: 4-13 years - teratoma
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13
Q

peak incidence of seminoma

A

30s

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14
Q

giant cells are present in 10% to 20% of seminomas. They are usually randomly scattered in the tumor and not associated with cytotrophoblastic cells unlike choriocarcinoma. They are responsible for modest elevations of b-HCG seen in some seminomas.

A

Syncytiotrophoblastic

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15
Q

Schiller-Duvall body is a structure seen in the ________ pattern of yolk sac tumor.

A

endodermal sinus

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16
Q

is the 2nd most common testicular germ cell tumor in children

A

Teratoma

17
Q

tumor that comprises at least two types of germ cells tumors with or without ITGCN.

A

Mixed GCT

18
Q

serum markers that are routinely evaluated in all testicular tumors (4)

A
  1. AFP
  2. HCG
  3. LDh
  4. > 80% of NSGCT positive at time of diagnosis
19
Q

serum marker assessing tumor burden

A

LDH is a prognostic indicator

20
Q

leydig tumors may produce

A
  1. androgens
  2. estrogens
  3. corticosteroids
21
Q

leydig tumor cells can lead to malignancy in __%

A

10

22
Q

“In post pubescent males, all teratomas are regarded as malignant regardless of whether the elements are mature or immature

A

yep

23
Q

identify tumor:

Older men
Very low malignant potential.
No ITGCN precursor

A

spermatocytic seminoma

24
Q

Serine protease, functions to

A

liquify semen.

25
Q

PSA is produced by? and secreted in?

A

Produced by prostatic epithelium, secreted in semen.

26
Q

where is the location of BPH? what is involved

A
  • Stroma + glands involved

- Affects the INNER portion of the prostate, around the urethra/transitional zone

27
Q

rapid rise in PSA think of

A

malignancy

28
Q

precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia- 80% have PIN in gland occuring in the peripheral zone

29
Q

Recent studies have shown that some prostate cancers contain recurrent chromosomal aberrations

A

TMPRSS2/ERG fusion

30
Q

gleason score of 7-10

A

poorly differentiated, high grade which is usually advanced and unlikely to be curable

31
Q

Back to back irregular glands with nuclei containing prominent nucleoli

A

Adenocarcinoma/Embryonal carcinoma

32
Q

Large monomorphic lymphoid cells with scant cytoplasm, large nuclei and prominent nucleoli

A

Non Hodgkin lymphoma

33
Q

Diffuse suppurative inflammation with gram negative rods on gram stain

A

Suppurative orchitis

34
Q

Full thickness epithelial dysplasia with intact basement membrane

A

Seen on squamous /transitional epithelium

35
Q

Islands of cartilage, squamous epithelial pearls and glands lined by tall columnar epithelium

A

Teratoma

36
Q

Nests of large polyhedral cells with watery cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, surrounded by lymphoid stroma

A

Seminoma

37
Q

Rounded cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing crystalloids of Reinke

A

Leydig cell tumor

38
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast arranged in sheets with extensive hemorrhage and necrosis

A

Choriocarcinoma

reproductive (27 decks)

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