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Abdominal Boards Review > male pelvis > Flashcards

male pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

muscles in the scrotum

A

cremaster muscles

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2
Q

normal testis length

A

3 to 5 cm

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3
Q

normal testis width

A

2 to 4 cm

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4
Q

normal testis height

A

3 cm

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5
Q

normal epi measurement

A

6-7 cm

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6
Q

how does the epi course

A

superior then posterolateral

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7
Q

normal epi head measurment

A

6 - 15 mm

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8
Q

appendix testis

A

embryonic remants of mullerian ducts

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9
Q

what covers the testis and is dense fibrous tissue

A

tunica albuginea

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10
Q

job of mediastinum

A

supports the vessels and ducts coursing within the testis

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11
Q

2 layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

partietal and visceral

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12
Q

what does the tunica vaginalis line

A

the inner walls of the scrotum
also covers each testis and epi

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13
Q

the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis covers

A

scrotal wall

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14
Q

the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis covers the

A

testis and epi

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15
Q

the ductus epi becomes the

A

vas deferens

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16
Q

10 to 15 efferent ductules converge to form the

A

ductus epi

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17
Q

the spermatic cord extends from

A

the scrotum through inguinal canal to pelvis

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18
Q

primary blood flow to the testis

A

right and left testicular arteries

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19
Q

capsular arteries give rise to

A

centripetal arteries

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20
Q

the centripetal arteries form the

A

centrifugal arteries

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21
Q

doppler of the testis arteries

A

low resistance

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22
Q

where does the pampiniform plexus exit from

A

the mediastinum

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23
Q

right testi vein drains into

A

IVC

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24
Q

left testi vein drains into

A

left renal vein

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25
Q

scrotal trauma complications

A

hydrocele
pyocele
hematocele

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26
Q

causes of hydrocele

A

trauma
torsion
unknown
neoplasm
epi-orchitis

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27
Q

most common cause of painless scrotal swelling

A

hydrocele

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28
Q

pyocele occurs with

A

untreated infection

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29
Q

hematoceles assoc. w/

A

trauam/surgery/neoplasms/torsion

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30
Q

testicular rupture on ultrasound

A

wall thickening
hematocele
irregular contour
focal alteration of testicular parenchymal pattern

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31
Q

testicular hematoma assoc. w/

A

trauma

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32
Q

testi hematoma on ultrasound

A

hetero area within scrotum
avascular

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33
Q

epididymitis most often caused by

A

bacteria
sti’s

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34
Q

epididymitis on ultrasound

A

increased vascularity

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35
Q

most common cause of acute scrotal pain

A

epi-orchitis

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36
Q

epi-orchitis results from

A

spread of lower urinary tract
infection
most common STI

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37
Q

symptoms of epi-orchitis

A

fever
urethral discharge

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38
Q

testis infarction results from

A

severe orchitis

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39
Q

swollen testis is confined within

A

tunica albuginea

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40
Q

testis infarct on u.s

A

hetero pattern
infarct area hypo
decreased or absent color doppler

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41
Q

what is affected first with torsion

A

venous flow

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42
Q

torsion on u.s 4 to 6 hrs

A

hypo and swollen

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43
Q

torsion on u.s 24 hrs

A

hetero
infarct
necrosis
hemorrhage

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44
Q

epi cyst

A

asymptomatic
thin walls
posterior enhancement

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45
Q

what is a spermatocele

A

cystic dilatations of the efferent ductules

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46
Q

where is a spermatocele always located

A

in the epi head

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47
Q

spermatocele can be seen more after a

A

vasectomy

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48
Q

spermatocele on ultrasound

A

simple cyst
multilocular cyst containing internal echoes

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49
Q

tunica albuginea cyst

A

can become large and cause displacement

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50
Q

how to differentiate a hydrocele from tunica albuginea cyst

A

hydroceles do not distort the testis

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51
Q

what is a varicocele

A

abnormal dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus

52
Q

a varicocele is caused by

A

incompetent venous valves within the spermatic veins

53
Q

secondary varicocele caused by

A

increased pressure on the testi vein
renal hydro or abd mass

54
Q

where is a varicocele more common

A

on the left

55
Q

varicoceles are more common in …

A

infertile men

56
Q

varicoceles measure greater than

A

2mm

57
Q

varicoceles increase in diameter with what maneuver

A

valsalva

58
Q

what is the most commonly herniated structure

A

bowel

59
Q

scrotal hernia

A

when bowel or omentum herniate into the scrotum

60
Q

scrotal hernia on u.s

A

peristalsis of bowel

61
Q

OMENTAL hernia on u.s

A

brightly echogenic structure

62
Q

in who is a testis cyst more common in

A

men over 40

63
Q

testi cyst have an assoc. w/

A

extra testi spermatocele

64
Q

microlithiasis assoc. w/

A

malignancy

65
Q

microlithiasis is

A

tiny calcs within testis

66
Q

testis germ cell tumors have an elevated … lab values

A

hcg
alpha feto protein

67
Q

95% of all testi tumors are what kind

A

germ cell and highly malignant

68
Q

most common type of germ cell tumor cancer

A

seminoma

69
Q

germ cell tumors

A

most common malignancy in men between 15 to 35 yrs old
most curable form of cancers

70
Q

symptoms of germ cell tumors

A

painless lump
enlargement
discomfort

71
Q

seminomas on u.s

A

homogenous
hypo masses with smooth border
focal mass

72
Q

metastisis in testis usually originate from

A

prostate or kidneys

73
Q

testicular mets on u.s

A

solid hyper and hypo masses
bilateral

74
Q

cryptorchidism

A

testis not descended into scrotum

75
Q

most common location for undescended testi

A

inguinal canal

76
Q

cryptorchidism most common in

A

premature babies

77
Q

cryptorchidism on u.s

A

smaller and less echogenic

78
Q

bell clapper syndrome

A

the tunica vaginalis completely surrounds the testis and epi and distal spermatic cord

79
Q

endocrine function of testis

A

produce testosterone

80
Q

exocrine function of testis

A

produce sperm

81
Q

spermatogensis occurs within

A

seminiferous tubules

82
Q

rete testis located within

A

mediastinum

83
Q

what duct gets interrupted during a vasectomy

A

vas deferens

84
Q

when do the testis descend into into the scrotum

A

28weeks

85
Q

clinical findings of acute testi torsion

A

pain often during sleep
swollen
N & V
pain in lower abd and inguinal region

86
Q

sono findings of acute testi torsion

A

enlargement of spermatic cord , epi , testis
thickened wall
reactive hydrocele
no or decreased intratesticular flow

87
Q

most common cause of acute scrotal pain in prepubertal pain

A

appendix testi torsion

88
Q

appendage testi torsion clinical findings

A

blue dot sign during examination
pain localized to superior portion

89
Q

scrotal pearl

A

remnant of formerly torsed and displaced testi appendage

90
Q

choriocarcinoma lab value

A

elevated HCG

91
Q

choriocarcinoma on testicular sono

A

hetero mass w/ hemorrhage/ necrosis. calcs

92
Q

embryonal cell carcinoma lab values

A

elevated HCG and AFP

93
Q

embryonal cell carcinoma on sono

A

hetero mass w/ cystic components

94
Q

yolk sac tumor lab values

A

Elevated ONLY AFP

95
Q

yolk sac tumor on sono

A

hetero mass with hemorrhage and calcs

96
Q

teratoma

A

benign w/ malignant potentional
variable appearance bc of cartilage bone and fibrosis

97
Q

most common site for cancer in the prostate

A

peripheral zone

98
Q

largest prostate zone

A

peripheral zone

99
Q

most common zone for BPH

A

transitional

100
Q

what is prostate specific antigen

A

a protein produced by the prostate gland

101
Q

an elevated in PSA can indicate

A

BPH
cancer
prostitis
infarct
HOWEVER CAN BE NORMAL IN CANCER

102
Q

most common cancer in men

A

prostate adenocarcinoma

103
Q

clinical findings of prostate cancer

A

elevated PSA
enlarged
blood in urine or semen
back/pelvic/hip/thigh pain
impotence
decrease in semen fluid

104
Q

clinical findings of BPH

A

nocturia
increased urination
sense of urgency
elevated PSA

105
Q

BPH on sono

A

enlargment
hypo areas
calcs
hetero
cystic changes

106
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

extra x chromosome
small testis, gynecomastia, long legs

107
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

secretes pre ejaculate fluid that lubricates penile urethra

108
Q

cryptorchidism is assoc. w/ an increase in…

A

malignancy
infertility

109
Q

seminomas will cause an elevation

A

hcg levels

110
Q

sex cord tumors of the testis

A

leydig cell tumor
sertoli cell tumor

111
Q

secondary varicoceles assoc. w/

A

right sided location
hydro, hepatomegaly, retroperitoneal neoplasms

112
Q

hydroceles collects between the 2 layers of the

A

tunica vaginalis

113
Q

appendage testi torsion on sono

A

normal intratesticular flow
reactive hydro
scrotall wall thickening

114
Q

the capsular artery is a branch of

A

testicular artery

115
Q

the testicular artery is a branch of the

A

abd aorta

116
Q

the spermatic cord consist of what

A

testicular, cremasteric, deferential arteries
vas deferens, lymphatics, nerves, and pampiniform

117
Q

which arteries courses within the testicular parenchyma

A

centripetal artery

118
Q

what classification is used to describe the prostate

A

zonal anatomy

119
Q

the prostaticovesical arteries are branches of the

A

internal iliac arteries

120
Q

what prostate cyst is assoc. w/ infertility

A

ejaculatory cyst

121
Q

seminal vesicles anatomic relation to prostate gland

A

posterior
superior

122
Q

most common symptoms of prostatism

A

difficult urination
nocturia
small stream

123
Q

most common appearance of the seminal veaicles in a transrectal

A

hypo
symmetrical
irregularly shaped

124
Q

The vas deferens joins the duct of seminal vesicles to form the

A

Ejaculatory duct

125
Q

The cremaster artery gives flow to

A

The cremaster muscle

126
Q

The vesicle artery provides flow to the

A

Epi and vas deferens

127
Q

The fibromuscular stroma is called what zone

A

Anterior zone

Abdominal Boards Review (9 decks)

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