Male Health Flashcards
Symptoms: Pain in Groin
-Local pain: Hernia
-May be after heavy lifting or a bad cough
-Patient notices protrusion
-May be referred: Acute urethral obstruction (kidney stone)
Direct Inguinal Hernia
-Portion of intestine protrudes directly outward through a weak point in abdominal wall
-Superior to inguinal ligament
-Round selling near pubis of deep inguinal ring
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
-Portion of intestine pushes downward through deep inguinal ring into inguinal canal
-Through deep inguinal ring
-Swelling increases with intrabdominal pressure
-More Common
Femoral Hernia
-Protrusion of abdominal contents through femoral canal
-Occurs in women more than men
-Less common than inguinal hernias
Refractory Period
-In sexual intercourse, phase that follows orgasm
-Time required to have another ejaculation occur
-Normal: Time varies with individuals, age
-Abnormal: Erectile dysfunction
Priapism
-Unwanted persistent erection
-Painful
-Emergency: can be caused by medication
Red Blood in Stool
-Bleeding in lower GI tract
-Hemorrhoids (small amounts on toilet paper)
-Ulcerative colitis
-Colon Cancer
Melena
-Bleeding occuring in upper GI tract
-Usually darker
-Common examples: Peptic ulcer
Occult blood in stool
Polyps or colon cancer
-Blood in the fecal matter
Urinary Tract Complaints
-Symptoms: Pain, urinary changes, involuntary urination, blood
-Pain w/ urinary change: Obstructive uropathy, kidney stone, cystitis, STD’s, urethritis
-Involuntary urination: Incontinence
Polyuria
Increased rate of urine production
Anuria
Absence of urine production
Oliguria
Decreased urine production
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night
Incontinence
Involuntary urination
Dysuria
Difficulty, pain or burning sensation with urination
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Benign causes of Hematuria
Kidney stones and infection
Malignant causes of Hematuria
Bladder cancer, kidney cancer
Painful, enlarged lymph nodes
Local inflammation in leg, scrotum, genitalia
Non-tender, hard, enlarged nodes
Cancer
Smegma
-Accumulation of bacteria, urine & cellular debris underneath foreskin
-Sometimes associated with phimosis and resulting in irritation/inflammation
-Whitish looking debris
Vesicles (Penis)
-Small raised lesions with clear fluid
-Associated with herpes
Chancre
-Small painless lesion, often one
-Associated with early stages of syphillis
-May originate as a pustule and progress to a hard ulceration
Chancroid
Small painful lesion, usually multiple
-Caused by bacterium H. Ducreyi
Condyloma
-Raised growth; May be described as warm or more flat
-Associated with HIV or second stage of syphillis
Discharge
-Chlamydia, gonorrhea
-May have testicular pain as well
Inflammation/swelling of testes
Epididymitus, orchitis
Mass found at scrotum
Spermatocele, testicular cancer
“Wormy” testicles
Variocele
Change in testicular size
Atrophy
Direct hernia
Pushes side of finger forward
Indirect hernia
Touches fingertip (most common)
Prostate: Blood in stool
hemorrhoids, intestinal conditions (ulcerative colitis, cancer), polyps, cancer, peptic ulcers
Hard stools
chronic constipation, fecal impaction
Anal mass
hemorrhoids, thrombosed hemorrhoids, skin tags (old hemorrhoid)
Rectal pain
anal fissure, pilonidal sinus, hemorrhoids
Enlarged, non-tender prostate
BPH
Boggy, tender prostate
Prostatitis
Hard/lumpy prostate
Prostate cancer
Intertrigo
-Groin condition
-Irritant dermatitis occurring between folds of the skin
-B/w: Buttocks Or scrotum/thigh
-Caused by: Friction, sweat retention..
Phimosis
Tightness of the foreskin
-Inability to retract it
-Caused by: adhesions of the prepuce to the underlying glans
Paraphimosis
-Inability to pull the foreskin forward from a retracted position
-Glans is usually inflamed, swollen and painful
Hypospadias
-Congenital defect: Urinary meatus opens on ventral aspect of penis
-Opening may be located in: Glans (shaft) or Scrotum (Perineum)
Epispadias
-Congenital defect: Urinary meatus opens on dorsum of penis
Chordee
-Congenital anomaly: Restrictive band of tissue between the meatus and the gland
-Ventral curvature of the penis
Priapism
An unwanted erection
-Persistent and painful
-Causes include: Ischemia, penile injury
Cryptorchidism
Failure of one or both testicles to descent into the scrotum
-Main sign: Not feeling/seeing testicle
Hydrocele
Scrotal swelling with fluid in the sheath surrounding testicle
-Common in newborns, usually disappears by age 1
-Painless but may become large
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymus
-Often related to sexually transmitted infection
-Can be acute or chronic
-Area is extremely tender
Spermatocele
Cyst that develops in epididymis
-Generally painless
Varicocele
Enlargement of veins in testes
-Feels like “bag of worms”
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testes
-Commonly caused by: Mumps
Testicular atrophy
Testicles diminish in size
-Causes: Hormonal, alcoholism, mumps
-UL Causes: Ischemia from local inflammation or trauma
Testicular cancer
Mass in either one or both testicles
-Associated with undescended testicles, Klinefelter syndrome
-Tend to be more malignant
-Most common form of cancer in males aged 15-35
-Symptoms include testicular pain, back pain
Hemorrhoid
Swollen veins in rectum
-Internal and external
Thrombosed Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoid fills with blood
-Can be tender
Hemorrhoidal Skin Tags
Hemorrhoids stretch skin
Pilonidal Sinus
Small hole or tunnel in sacral region that is open to exterior
-Can fill with fluid or pus, forming cysts or abcess
-Pressure or friction can cause hair to push inwards
-Symptoms include: tenderness, sacral swelling
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Benign enlargement of the prostate
-Common condition as men get older
-Increased mass may increasingly obstruct the urethra
-Symptoms: Changes in urination, incontinence, UTI, weak stream
Prostatis
Inflammation of the prostate
-Can be acute or chronic
-Often due to bacteria (STD)
-Painful urination or pain in groin
Prostate cancer
Most common malignant transformation in men
-Hard nodule is first sign
-Grows slowly
-Urinating difficulty, decreased force in urination, erectile dysfunctioin
Obstructive uropathy
Blockage of flow of urine through ureter, bladder or urethra
-Can cause urine to backflow, can lead to infecton
Incontinence
Involuntary leakage of urine
Enuresis
Any involuntary urination
-Common in childhood
-Especially during sleep
-Common conditions: Diabetes, overactive, cystitis
Urethritis
-Inflammation of the urethra
-Due to bacterial infection associated with Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, bacteria in stool
-Changes in urination, painful
Chlamydia
Bacterial infection
-Doesn’t appear to 1-3 weeks after infection
-Symptoms: Epididymitus
Genital herpes
Painful clustered vesicles
-Can later crust over
-Caused by herpes simplex virus
-Can cause pain, itching
-Reoccuring
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infectoin most often affecting the urethra causing urethritis
-Painful urination, pale green discharge
“Drip or Clap
Chancroid
Bacterial infection causing chancre on or around genitalia
-Highly infectious
-Painful genital ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes, discharge is typically clear
Syphilis
Bacterial infection that develops in 4 stages which has overlapping symptoms
Stages of syphillis
-Primary: Painless chancre on genitals (3 weeks)
-Secondary: Condyloma latum and non itchy rash over entire body (4-8 weeks)
-Latent: Goes dormant
-Tertiary: Systemic issues about 1-10 years after infection (CNS, cardiovascular)
Condyloma Acuminatum
-Venereal wart (soft, warty, papillomatous proj)
-Increased chances of penile cancer
-Viral (HPV) in origin
Condyloma Latum
Slightly raised, moist, flattened papulaes that appear on penis
-Sign of secondary syphillis
