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PDX > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal areas are divided into:

A

-4 Quadrants
-9 Regions

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2
Q

Regions of the Abdomen

A

Epigastric, R/L Hypochodriac, Umbilical, R/L Lumbar, Suprapubic/hypogastric, R/L Iliac

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3
Q

Common Symptoms: Abdominal

A

Pain, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomitting, appetite changes, indigestion, bowel movement changes, unexplained fatigue

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4
Q

Xerostomia

A

-Dry mouth
-reduced or absent saliva flow
-can be benign
-can be a medication side effect

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5
Q

Dysphagia

A

-Problems swallowing food or liquid
-Usually caused by: GERD or neurological conditions

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6
Q

Varices

A

Dilated veins in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach
-Cause: Elevated pressure in the portal venous system

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7
Q

Reflux

A

-Regurgitation of gastric content into esophagus
-Risk factors: hiatial herna, obesity, types of food

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8
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Reoccuring discomfort or pain in the upper abdominal area
-Not an actual condition
-Indicates other conditions are occuring

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9
Q

Colic

A

Sharp localized pain that increases, peaks and subsides
-Kidney stone: Renal colic*
-Bowel obstruction
-Sometimes term applied to infants and episodes of crying

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10
Q

Peristalisis

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscle
Often refer to intestinal muscles
May also refer to other “tube

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11
Q

Tenesmus

A

-Feeling the need to pass stools

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12
Q

Constipation Causes

A

Causes include: Lifestyle factors (poor diet, dehydration), conditions (hypothyroidism, IBS, depression)

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13
Q

Fecal Impaction

A

-Lump of dry, hard stool left in the rectum associated with chronic constipation
-Common in the elderly
-Causes: chronic use of laxitives, medications, can have leakage of liquid stool around impaction

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14
Q

Steatorrhea

A

-Prescence of excess fat in feces
-Stool is: Pale/yellow in color, foul smelling, difficult to flush, may be loose
-Conditions associated: Celiac disease, gall bladder disease

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15
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood
-Acute bleeding: Bright red, coffe ground emesis

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16
Q

Melena

A

-Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools
-Caused by upper GI bleeding

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17
Q

Encopresis

A

Involuntary passage of bowel in children 4+

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18
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching, occurs with increased billirubin, may occur before jaundice, can occur with liver and gall bladder onditions

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19
Q

Calculi

A

Stones

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20
Q

Contour Types

A

-Flat, Rounded, Scaphoid, Distended

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21
Q

Scaphoid

A

Severe weight loss
-Seen with debilitating disease

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22
Q

Distention

A

-Protuberance
-Suprapubic bulge: Distended bladder or utuerus

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23
Q

Ascites

A

Excess fluid within the abdomen

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24
Q

Striae

A

Linear marks
-Red/blue: Weight loss

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25
Q

Cullen’s Sign

A

Bruising around umbilicus

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26
Q

Grey Turner’s sign

A

Flank bruising

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27
Q

AAA

A

Pulsation in the upper midline

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28
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Dilated veins
-Sometimes call caput medusa

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29
Q

Bulges, Masses and Herniations: Common Locations

A

Lower abdominal area (ovarian or uterine tumor)m inguinal area (herniation), diastasis recti (separation of abdominal muscles)

30
Q

Normal Bowel sounds: Amount

A

5-34 bowel sounds/minute

31
Q

Borborygmi

A

Loud, prolonged gurgles

32
Q

Hyperactive bowel sounds: Meaning

A

-Suggest hyperactive peristalisis

33
Q

Hypoactive bowel sounds

A

Decreased bowel sounds

34
Q

Absence of bowel sounds

A

-Sign of emergency

35
Q

AAA risk factors

A

> 65 years old, smoking, male, family hx

36
Q

Friction rub

A

Abnormal: sound heard
-Causes liver/splenic enlargement

37
Q

What happens to the veins of the abdomen when there is too much flow

A

Humming

38
Q

Liver Span

A

Normal: 6-12cm
Abnormal: Suggests liver is enlarged

39
Q

Spleen: Auscultation Findings

A

-Normal: No sound
-Abnormal: Dullness may indicate splenomegaly, solid gastric content or colon content

40
Q

Murphy’s Punch Sign

A

-Fist Percussion to CVA of the involved side is abnormally tender compared to the other side
-Suggests inflammation or obstruction
-Pyelonephritis, Kidney stones

41
Q

Types of mass in Abdomen

A

-Intramural Mass: More prominent/located in wall
-Intraabdominal Mass: Mass disappears/Located in abdominal cavity

42
Q

Liver Palpation

A

-Feeling for the edge of liver
-Tenderness=Inflammation
-Blunt=Cirrhosis

43
Q

Gall Bladder Palpation

A

-Positive Murphy’s sign (during inspiration)= Cholecystitis

44
Q

Spleen Palpation

A

-Normal: 5% of normal adults (thin); Palpable spleen
-If palpable: Splenomegaly

45
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

-Normal: No pain
-Abnormal: Peritoneal irritation

46
Q

Rovsings Sign

A

-Pain at LLQ=Appendicitis
-Referred pain to the RLQ

47
Q

McBurney’s Sign

A

Palpation in the area of appendix

48
Q

Psoas/Obturator Sign

A

-Normal: no pain
-Abnormal: Pain to RLQ (Appendicits)

49
Q

Heel-jar test

A

-Patient standing on toes
-Suddenly drops weight onto heels

50
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

-Symptoms: Repeated abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea or both, tenesmus (urge to go to bathroom)
-Causes: Unsure
-Exams: Hyperactive/Hypoactive bowel sounds, Distension (bloating/swelling in belly area)

51
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Associations

A

-Crohns: Chronic Severe diarrhea (distal illeum/colon)
-Ulcerative Colitis: Chronic diarrhea w/ blood or pus
-Exam: Distension, hyperactive bowel sounds, rebound tenderness

52
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

-Blockage of intestines (doesn’t allow feces to pass)
-Can be partial or incomplete
-Many causes including hernia
-Complications include peritonitis
-Life threatening

53
Q

Intestinal Obstruction: Exam

A

-Increased peristaltic waves
-Early/Partial Obstruction: Hyperactive bowel sound/high pitched sounds
-Late partial or total obstruction: Hypoactive/absent number of bowel sounds

54
Q

Herniation

A

-Protrusion of intestinal contents (abdominal weakness)
-Acquired or congenital
-Complication includes intestinal obstruction

55
Q

Areas of Hernia

A

Inguinal, Scars, Umbilicus

56
Q

Colon Cancer

A

-2nd most common malignancy affecting both sexes
-May start as benign polyps
-Exam: May have occult bleeding
-Recommend screen starting at: age 45-50

57
Q

Peritonitis

A

-Inflammation of peritoneum
-Accompanied with abdominal pain
-Localized or diffused
-Life threatening
-Exam: Decreased or absent bowel sounds, muscle rigidity

58
Q

Appendicitis

A

-Acute condition
-Appendix becomes infected or inflammed
-Pain located in RLQ (McBurney’s Point)
-Other signs: Rosving sign, Psoas sign, Obturator sign

59
Q

Hepatitis

A

-Inflammation of the Liver
-Acute: Caused by virus A,B,C,D,E
-Chronic: Hepatitis B and C, alcohol

60
Q

Cirrhosis

A

-Excessive scarring with the liver
-Risk factors: excessive alcohol, other liver diseases
-Complications: Liver cancer
-Symptoms: Jaudice, pruritis, fatigue

61
Q

Liver Cancer

A

-Primary: Begins in liver (MC type: Hepatocellular carcinoma)
-Secondary: Metastatized to liver from another source (most)

62
Q

Splenomegaly

A

-Enlargement of the spleen
-Symptoms: Kehr’s sign*, fatigue, pain in LUQ
-Causes infections, liver disease, anemia
-Can rupture

63
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

-Inflammation of gall bladder
-Common sx: right shoulder pain*
-MC cause: gall stones block cystic duct
-Risk factors (5 F’s): Female, Fertile, 40yo, Obesity (Fat), Flatuent
-Exam: Positive Murphy’s sign

64
Q

GERD

A

-Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease
-Cardiac sphincter allows stomach contents into esophagus
-Sx: 2x/week

65
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

-Breakdown in lining of stomach or duodenum
-Risk factors: NSAIDS and tobacco
-Symptoms: Upper ab pain (at night or eating)
-Exam: Tenderness in local area

66
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

-Stones within the kidney
-MC: Consist of crystals made up of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
-Risk factors: Family history, 40+ yo, Male, dehydration, diet

67
Q

Ureteral Colic (Renal Colic)

A

Waves of pain caused by kidney stone
-Pain is from sudden ureteral distention
-Felt in the flank, groin and testicle
-Pain moves as the stone moves

68
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

-Bacterial infection of the urinary tract

69
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

-Kidney infection
-Exam: Murphy’s sign (+)

70
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder infection
-Exam: suprapubic bulge

71
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

A

-Abnormal dilation of abdominal aorta
-MC cause: artherosclerosis
-Risk factors: Smoking, hypertension, older age, male, family history
-Mostly asymptomatic
-Exam: Cullen or Grey Turner sign, visible pulsatoin in midline, bruit, width >3.0cm

PDX (13 decks)

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