Male Carnivore Flashcards
1
Q
Where do the gonads/testis originally develop
A
retroperitoneal, cd. to the kidneys
2
Q
Describe ligaments associated with each gonad
A
Each gonad has cr. gonadal lig. (cr. Gubernaculum) & cd. gonadal lig. (cd. gubernaculum)
3
Q
What happens to the cr gubernaculum lig in females vs males
A
In female cr. gubernaculum lig. → suspensory lig. (attached to diaphragm),
while it regresses in the male
4
Q
What is the gubernaculum
A
Is firm mesenchymal cord extends from the cd
pole of the gonad to the genital (labioscrotal)
swelling
5
Q
What structure is responsible for guiding and pulling the testis & epididymis (retroperitoneally) → out of the abdomen through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.
A
The gubernaculum
6
Q
What happens to the caudal gubernaculum in males
A
- proper lig. of testis
- lig. of tail of
epididymis & scrotal lig.
(ends in scrotal skin) a
homologous of the
round ligament of the
uterus of the bitch.
7
Q
What happens to the caudal gubernaculum in females
A
In female → the homologous caudal gonadal lig.
Forms - the proper lig. of the ovary & the round lig. of the uterus (ends in the labia of vulva)
8
Q
A
1) Proper lig of testis
2) Lig of tail of epididymis
9
Q
A
- proper lig. of testis
- lig. of tail of epididymis & scrotal lig
10
Q
What is the vaginal process and name its components
A
Normal pouch of abdominal peritoneum envaginating into the inguinal canal
vag. Ring
* vag. Canal
* vag. Cavity
* vag. Tunic (males only, tunica vaginalis visceralis and tunica vaginalis parietalis)
11
Q
In females what happens at the vaginal ring
A
The vaginal canal becomes continuous with the peritoneal cavity
12
Q
What does the vaginal cavity contain in males
A
Only a small amount of serous fluid for testicular mobility
13
Q
What does the vaginal process surround in females (dogs vs cats)
A
in bitch it surrounds the round lig. of uterus.
No vaginal process in the female cat (but there is round lig.)
14
Q
What does the vaginal process surround in males
A
Spermatic cord
15
Q
What is a closed vs open castration
A
closed = parietal tunic not opened
Open = parietal tunic is opened
16
Q
What is cryptorchidism
A
Retained testicle anywhere between scrotum and the caudal pole of the kidney
can be uni or bilateral
17
Q
Why is cryptorchidism problematic and what is the proposed treatment
A
The retained testis
* produce testosterone (normal sexual behavior).
* NO viable sperm (reduced fertility).
* prone to neoplasia (so surgical correction is a must).
Although surgical replacement is feasible, cryptorchidism tends to be
heritable; thus, castration is the ethical treatment.
18
Q
What is the scrotum and species differences
A
A paired cutaneous pouch
houses the testis
.
horizontal in dogs (cr pole points cranially)
vertical in cats (cr pole points ventrally)
19
Q
A
1) Skin and tunica dartos
2) superficial fascia
3)deep fascia
4) spermatic fascia
9) Scrotal septum
10) scrotal raphe
20
Q
Describe the function of the testis
A
Endocrine and exocrine functions
21
Q
Describe the surgaces/borders of the testis
A
2 poles: cr and ca
2 borders: dorsal and ventral
2 surfaces: medial and lateral
22
Q
List the components of the testis
A
Tunica albuginea
Mediastinum testis
Rete testis
23
Q
What is the Tunica albuginea
A
Outer thick white cinnective tissue covering
Sends CT septa to mediastinum testis
24
Q
What is the mediastinum testis
A
Cord of connective tissue in the center of the testis from cr to ca ends
25
What is the rete testis
Network of tubules within the mediastinum testis that transfer the spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the epidydimis
26
1) rete tubule
2) tunica albuginea
27
Describe the testicular arterial vasculature
testicular a. (from abdominal aorta, branches reach lobules by passing through the mediastinum)
28
Where does testicular lymph drain
efferent to lumbar lymph nodes
29
Describe testicular nerve supply
Sympathetic fibers leave lumbar spine to symp trunk and travel along testicular a
supplies smooth muscles of the testis including those of vasuculature
30
Describe testicular vein vasculature
testicular vein (tortuous extensive network to pampiniform plexus)
The Left testicular v. drains into left renal
vein, while the right testicular v. drains into the
cd. v. cava.
31
Where is epididymis compared to testis
dorsolateral
32
Name the three parts of the epididymis and describe them
Head: continuous with the internal
duct system of testis.
Body: separated from the testis by space called
epididymal sinus (testicular bursa).
Tail: continuous with ductus deferens site of sperm maturation and storage
33
1) body of epididymis
2) tail of epididymis
3) head of epididymis
4) ductus deferens
34
Where is the head of the epididymis compared to the tail
head of epididymis is cranioventral and the tail is caudodorsal
35
Describe epididymis innervation
parasympathetic via pelvic plexus
36
Describe the course of the ductus deferens
Continuation of the duct of the epididymis
passes cranially along dorsomedial border of testis
Runs dorsally in the spermatic cord to inguinal canal into the abdomen
courses cranially and loops ventral to ureter
penetrates the prostate to open into the pelvic urethra lateral to colliculus seminalis
37
What is the ampula ductus deferens and in what species is it present
Thickening in the wall of ductus deferens at its terminal part
Dogs only
38
What is the bulbourethral gland (BUGS) and in what species is it present and clin sig
Located on the urethra at the ischial arch
Cats only
important landmark during perineal urethrostomy (removal of penis in chronic urethral obstruction)
39
What is the genital fold
Thin horizontal, triangular fold of peritoneum between the two ductus deferens before they enter the prostate.
The Rectogenital pouch is dorsal & the Vesicogenital pouch is ventral to this fold.
May contain the masculine uterus (remnants of paramesonephric ducts).
40
1) colon
2) genital fold
3) ureter
4) bladder
41
What is the spermatic cord
Consists of structures passing in and out of testis (enclosed ithin the vaginal process)
includes:
Tetsicular vessels, nerves, lymphatics
Ductus deferens and associated vessels, nerves and lympatics
Visceral vaginal tunic: Mesochorium and mesoductus deferens
Pampiniform plexus
42
What is the mesorchium
Connects mesentery of testis
contains vessels and nerves of the testis
43
What is the mesoductus deferens
Mesentery that attaches the ductus def. to the body proximally and the mesorchium distally
It contains the ductus deferens, artery,
vein and nerve
44
Name the two parts of the prostate gland and describe its structure
Two parts: compact, disseminate. (small)
Divided by a median groove into Rt and Lt lobes
45
Describe prostate location
encircles the urethra, rests against the pelvic symphysis ventrally and the rectum dorsally
46
Prostate species differences
In the cat the Rt & Lt lobes don’t join ventral to the urethra.
47
Name the vein and artery associated with the prostate. Where does the prostatic lymph drain and clin sig?
Prostatic a and v
Iliac lnn (prostatic carcinoma)
48
Describe prostatic nerve innervation
Nerve symp. & parasymp. from pelvic plexus (prostatic plexus).
49
Describe clinical conditions associated with the prostate in intact males and name the treatment
@ maturity (testosterone) → Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH) → lie inside the abdominal cavity
Prostatic disease can cause constipation and dysuria (more in man)
Castration --> no testosterone which will decr size of gland
50
Where is the prostate located in a tom
3-4 cm caudal to neck of urinary bladder
51
name the two parts of the male urethra and where they are located
Pelvic urethra - from internal urethral ostium (neck of bladder) to ischial arch
extrapelvic urethra
52
name the three parts of the pelvic urethra
Preprostatic
prostatic
postprostatic
53
What part of the urethra is extrapelvic
spongy/penile
54
1) Preprostatic
2) prostatic
3) postprostatic
4) spongy/penile
55
Species difference in preprostatic urethra
very shrort in dog
very long in tom due to elongated bladder neck
56
Compare pre vs post prostatic urethra musculature
pre = encircled by smooth muscle (internal sphincter of urinary bladder)
post - encircled by striated urethralis muscle
57
What is the urethral crest
Dorsal longitudinal ridge of mucosal in lumen of prostatic urethra
58
What is the colliculus seminalis
Oval elevation where prostatic urethra terminates and where two ductus deferens open
Also prostatic ductules open on each side of it
59
Name 2, 3, 4, 6
2) colliculus seminalis
3) prostatic ductules
4) urethral crest
6) ductus deferens
60
1) Pelvic urethral muscle
2) colliculus seminalis
3) urethral crest
61
describe preferred location for urethrostomy to remove stones
In scrotal are because urethra is widest and most superficial with least amount of cavernous tissue
62
Why is perineal urethrostomy not recommended?
associated with profuse bleeding, due to the well –defined corpus spongiosum. Also the urethra is located much deep in this location.
63
What type of tissues is the penis composed of
erectile, muscular, vascular, nervous
64
What type of penis do carniovores have and what does this mean
musculocavernous
cavernous tissue predominates with less connective tissue
increase in all dimensions during an erection
65
Name the three regions of the penis
root, body, glans
66
1) root
2) bidy
3) glans
67
What makes up the root of the penis
Right and left crus and bulb that blend into a single body
68
Describe the two corpora of the penis
The two corpora extend side by side, separated by a median septum, along the length of the penile body to the os penis in the glans penis.
69
1) crus
2) bulb
70
What makes up the bulb of the penis
corpus spongiosum
71
Describe the corpus spongiosum
A thin sleeve of cavernous tissue around the caudal part of the pelvic urethra and the whole penile urethra
at the ischial arch the CS enlarges forming the bulb of the penis bewteen the two crura
72
What muscle is associated with the bulb of the penis
medial bulbospongiosus m
73
Describe the crus of the penis
Each consists of a crpus cavernosum penis (ccp) convered by tunica albuginea and ischicavernosus m
Note: The Tunica albuginea surrounds the CCP only, NOT the whole penis, NOT the CS.
74
Where does the tunica albuginea attach each crus to?
the ischial arch
75
Where does the body of the penis begin
Where the two crura fise distal to the bulb of the penis
76
What happens to the CCP in the glans
It is replaced by the os penis
77
Where is the CCP/os penis in relation to the urethra
Dorsal
The CCP and os penis have a ventral urethral groove
78
What does the cavernous tissue form in the penis
2 bulbs: bulb of penis at the root, bulb of the glans
2 corpora:
Corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) - surround penile urethra
Corpus spongiosum glandis (CSG) - surrounds os penis
And corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) - crura to body then replaced by os penis, always dorsal to urethra
79
5, pelvic urethra
6, bulb of penis enclosed by bulbospongiosus M.
7, ischiocavernosus over left crus
8, body of penis
9 & 9′ bulbus & pars longa glandis
80
What does the glans penis surround
Os penis
81
Name the parts of the glans penis and species differences
bulbus glandis, pars longa glandis
two parts only exist in the dog not the cat
Note: we can say bulbus glandis
or bulb of the glans but can not
say bulb of penis. It is different!
82
1- Bulbus glandis
2- Pars longa glandis
83
What is the bulbus glandis and clin sig
Cavernous expansion of the corpus spongiosum (CS)
forming the corpus spongiosum glandis (CSG)
involved in "tie/lock"
84
What is the pars longa glandis
Apex of penis
contains CSG
85
Describe pars longa glandis vasculature
Drained by two veins into the bulbus glandis which drains into the dorsal veins of penis
86
1) CSP
2) CSG
3) os penis
4) pars longa glandis
5) CSG
6) BUlbus glandis
7) CCP (dorsal)
87
6) pars longa glandis (cut)
9) bulbus glandis
10) corpus spongiosum around urethra
12) os penis
88
What is the os penis/baculum
In carnivores it replaces the CCP within the penile glans (less develped in tom)
it supports the entire glans penis (the two parts)
it permits intromission before complete erection
89
Where is the os penis attached caudally
The base is attached to the penile body via the tunica albuginea of the CC
90
Where is a common location for urinary calculi to get lodged and why
In urethra at caudal end of os penis
because urethral groove in ventral surface of os penis prevents urethral expanison
91
List the 4 extrinsic muscles of the penis
All are paired
Retractor penis
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus muscle
ischiourethralis muscle
92
Is retractor penis smooth or striated
smooth
93
Retractor penis origin and where does it run
1st/2nd caudal vertebrae
pass around each side of anal canal and run along ventral penis
94
Retractor penis insertion
penis at base of glans
95
What does the ischiocavernosus cover
crura
96
ischiocavernosus origin
ischiatic tuberosity
97
ischiocavernosus insertion
tunica albuginea of the crus
98
What does the bulbospongiosis m cover? what does it lie between?
covers bulb of penis
lies between the ischiocavernosus
99
bulbospongiosis m origin
ext anal sphincter
100
bulbospongiosis m insertion
retractor penis m in the proximal portion of the penis
101
Ischiourethralis m origin and where does it run
ischial tuberosity
runs transversely across pelvic urethra
102
Ischiourethralis m insertion
fibrous ring at the ischiatic symphysis (the transverse perineal lig) which encircles the common trunk of the dorsal veins of the penis
103
Ischiourethralis m action
tense the transvers perineal lig
reduces or blocks venous blood flow from the penic through the fibrous ring causing an erection
104
1) retractor penis
2) ischiocavernosus
105
Bulbospongiosus muscle
106
Ischiourethralis muscle
107
Name 2, 3, 4, 7
2) ischiourethralis m
3) retractor penis m
4) bulbospongiosus m
7) ischiocavernosus m
108
What is the prepuce
Doubled tubular fold of skin covering the glans penis when non-erected
109
Describe the layers of the prepuce
Hairy ext layer
non hairy internal layer
mucous membrane
all meet at preputial orifice
110
Where does the internal lamina become continuous with skin of the glans
fornix of prepuce
111
where is the preputial cavity
between internal layer and glans
112
What happens to the internal lamina in an erect state
become everted/reflected over the bulbus glans
113
Describe the preputial m
small strip of cutaneous trunci M. attached to dorsal wall of prepuce.
(it draws the prepuce cranially over the glans after copulation) closing the preputial orifice
114
Name 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
1) preputial orifice
3) non-hairy internal layer
4) preputial cavity
7) fornix of prepuce
115
What do the pelvic nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic
Parasymp. S2-3
Assist in relazing helicine vessels and increasing CCP blood flow = erection
116
What nerves innervate the penis
Pelvic
hypogastric
pudendal
117
What do the hypogastric nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic
Symp L1-4
Propulsion of seminal fluids = ejaculation
118
What do the pudendal nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic
Somatic S2-3
Striated muscles = erection and ejaculation
sensation of glans penis
119
Name the main arterial supply of the penis and what does it branch into
Paired Arteries of the penis (from int pudendal)
Each branches into artery of the bulb, deep artery, dorsal artery
120
What does the artery of the bulb supply
Corpus spongiosum of the bulb and penile urethra, CS glandis
121
What does the deep artery supply
Corpus cavernosum and os penis
122
What does the dorsal artery supply
Pars longa glandis and os penis and part of preputial wall
123
1) artery of penis
2) artery of bulb
3) deep artery of penis
4) right dorsal artery of penis
124
Name the unique features of the feline male tract
Two accessory sex glands
prostate gland does not completely surround the urethra ventrally
bulbourethral glands (BUGS)
Penis in tomcat is directed caudoventrally.
* if erected it is directed cranioventrally like
the rest of animals.
* The os penis less developed with no
urethral groove
125
1) prostate gland
2) bulbo-urethral gland
3) glans penis
126
Why would a queen scream as the tom withdraws
Backward projecting cornified spines on the glans
