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Next Generation > Male Carnivore > Flashcards

Male Carnivore Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the gonads/testis originally develop

A

retroperitoneal, cd. to the kidneys

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2
Q

Describe ligaments associated with each gonad

A

Each gonad has cr. gonadal lig. (cr. Gubernaculum) & cd. gonadal lig. (cd. gubernaculum)

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3
Q

What happens to the cr gubernaculum lig in females vs males

A

In female cr. gubernaculum lig. → suspensory lig. (attached to diaphragm),

while it regresses in the male

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4
Q

What is the gubernaculum

A

Is firm mesenchymal cord extends from the cd
pole of the gonad to the genital (labioscrotal)
swelling

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5
Q

What structure is responsible for guiding and pulling the testis & epididymis (retroperitoneally) → out of the abdomen through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.

A

The gubernaculum

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6
Q

What happens to the caudal gubernaculum in males

A
  1. proper lig. of testis
  2. lig. of tail of
    epididymis & scrotal lig.
    (ends in scrotal skin) a
    homologous of the
    round ligament of the
    uterus of the bitch.
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7
Q

What happens to the caudal gubernaculum in females

A

In female → the homologous caudal gonadal lig.
Forms - the proper lig. of the ovary & the round lig. of the uterus (ends in the labia of vulva)

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8
Q
A

1) Proper lig of testis
2) Lig of tail of epididymis

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9
Q
A
  1. proper lig. of testis
  2. lig. of tail of epididymis & scrotal lig
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10
Q

What is the vaginal process and name its components

A

Normal pouch of abdominal peritoneum envaginating into the inguinal canal

vag. Ring
* vag. Canal
* vag. Cavity
* vag. Tunic (males only, tunica vaginalis visceralis and tunica vaginalis parietalis)

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11
Q

In females what happens at the vaginal ring

A

The vaginal canal becomes continuous with the peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

What does the vaginal cavity contain in males

A

Only a small amount of serous fluid for testicular mobility

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13
Q

What does the vaginal process surround in females (dogs vs cats)

A

in bitch it surrounds the round lig. of uterus.

No vaginal process in the female cat (but there is round lig.)

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14
Q

What does the vaginal process surround in males

A

Spermatic cord

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15
Q

What is a closed vs open castration

A

closed = parietal tunic not opened
Open = parietal tunic is opened

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16
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

Retained testicle anywhere between scrotum and the caudal pole of the kidney

can be uni or bilateral

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17
Q

Why is cryptorchidism problematic and what is the proposed treatment

A

The retained testis
* produce testosterone (normal sexual behavior).
* NO viable sperm (reduced fertility).
* prone to neoplasia (so surgical correction is a must).

Although surgical replacement is feasible, cryptorchidism tends to be
heritable; thus, castration is the ethical treatment.

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18
Q

What is the scrotum and species differences

A

A paired cutaneous pouch
houses the testis
.
horizontal in dogs (cr pole points cranially)
vertical in cats (cr pole points ventrally)

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19
Q
A

1) Skin and tunica dartos
2) superficial fascia
3)deep fascia
4) spermatic fascia
9) Scrotal septum
10) scrotal raphe

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20
Q

Describe the function of the testis

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

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21
Q

Describe the surgaces/borders of the testis

A

2 poles: cr and ca
2 borders: dorsal and ventral
2 surfaces: medial and lateral

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22
Q

List the components of the testis

A

Tunica albuginea
Mediastinum testis
Rete testis

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23
Q

What is the Tunica albuginea

A

Outer thick white cinnective tissue covering
Sends CT septa to mediastinum testis

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24
Q

What is the mediastinum testis

A

Cord of connective tissue in the center of the testis from cr to ca ends

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25
Q

What is the rete testis

A

Network of tubules within the mediastinum testis that transfer the spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the epidydimis

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26
Q
A

1) rete tubule
2) tunica albuginea

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27
Q

Describe the testicular arterial vasculature

A

testicular a. (from abdominal aorta, branches reach lobules by passing through the mediastinum)

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28
Q

Where does testicular lymph drain

A

efferent to lumbar lymph nodes

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29
Q

Describe testicular nerve supply

A

Sympathetic fibers leave lumbar spine to symp trunk and travel along testicular a

supplies smooth muscles of the testis including those of vasuculature

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30
Q

Describe testicular vein vasculature

A

testicular vein (tortuous extensive network to pampiniform plexus)

The Left testicular v. drains into left renal
vein, while the right testicular v. drains into the
cd. v. cava.

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31
Q

Where is epididymis compared to testis

A

dorsolateral

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32
Q

Name the three parts of the epididymis and describe them

A

Head: continuous with the internal
duct system of testis.

Body: separated from the testis by space called
epididymal sinus (testicular bursa).

Tail: continuous with ductus deferens site of sperm maturation and storage

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33
Q
A

1) body of epididymis
2) tail of epididymis
3) head of epididymis
4) ductus deferens

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34
Q

Where is the head of the epididymis compared to the tail

A

head of epididymis is cranioventral and the tail is caudodorsal

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35
Q

Describe epididymis innervation

A

parasympathetic via pelvic plexus

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36
Q

Describe the course of the ductus deferens

A

Continuation of the duct of the epididymis

passes cranially along dorsomedial border of testis

Runs dorsally in the spermatic cord to inguinal canal into the abdomen

courses cranially and loops ventral to ureter

penetrates the prostate to open into the pelvic urethra lateral to colliculus seminalis

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37
Q

What is the ampula ductus deferens and in what species is it present

A

Thickening in the wall of ductus deferens at its terminal part

Dogs only

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38
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland (BUGS) and in what species is it present and clin sig

A

Located on the urethra at the ischial arch

Cats only

important landmark during perineal urethrostomy (removal of penis in chronic urethral obstruction)

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39
Q

What is the genital fold

A

Thin horizontal, triangular fold of peritoneum between the two ductus deferens before they enter the prostate.

The Rectogenital pouch is dorsal & the Vesicogenital pouch is ventral to this fold.

May contain the masculine uterus (remnants of paramesonephric ducts).

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40
Q
A

1) colon
2) genital fold
3) ureter
4) bladder

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41
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A

Consists of structures passing in and out of testis (enclosed ithin the vaginal process)

includes:
Tetsicular vessels, nerves, lymphatics

Ductus deferens and associated vessels, nerves and lympatics

Visceral vaginal tunic: Mesochorium and mesoductus deferens

Pampiniform plexus

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42
Q

What is the mesorchium

A

Connects mesentery of testis
contains vessels and nerves of the testis

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43
Q

What is the mesoductus deferens

A

Mesentery that attaches the ductus def. to the body proximally and the mesorchium distally

It contains the ductus deferens, artery,
vein and nerve

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44
Q

Name the two parts of the prostate gland and describe its structure

A

Two parts: compact, disseminate. (small)

Divided by a median groove into Rt and Lt lobes

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45
Q

Describe prostate location

A

encircles the urethra, rests against the pelvic symphysis ventrally and the rectum dorsally

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46
Q

Prostate species differences

A

In the cat the Rt & Lt lobes don’t join ventral to the urethra.

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47
Q

Name the vein and artery associated with the prostate. Where does the prostatic lymph drain and clin sig?

A

Prostatic a and v

Iliac lnn (prostatic carcinoma)

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48
Q

Describe prostatic nerve innervation

A

Nerve symp. & parasymp. from pelvic plexus (prostatic plexus).

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49
Q

Describe clinical conditions associated with the prostate in intact males and name the treatment

A

@ maturity (testosterone) → Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH) → lie inside the abdominal cavity

Prostatic disease can cause constipation and dysuria (more in man)

Castration –> no testosterone which will decr size of gland

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50
Q

Where is the prostate located in a tom

A

3-4 cm caudal to neck of urinary bladder

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51
Q

name the two parts of the male urethra and where they are located

A

Pelvic urethra - from internal urethral ostium (neck of bladder) to ischial arch

extrapelvic urethra

52
Q

name the three parts of the pelvic urethra

A

Preprostatic
prostatic
postprostatic

53
Q

What part of the urethra is extrapelvic

A

spongy/penile

54
Q
A

1) Preprostatic
2) prostatic
3) postprostatic
4) spongy/penile

55
Q

Species difference in preprostatic urethra

A

very shrort in dog
very long in tom due to elongated bladder neck

56
Q

Compare pre vs post prostatic urethra musculature

A

pre = encircled by smooth muscle (internal sphincter of urinary bladder)

post - encircled by striated urethralis muscle

57
Q

What is the urethral crest

A

Dorsal longitudinal ridge of mucosal in lumen of prostatic urethra

58
Q

What is the colliculus seminalis

A

Oval elevation where prostatic urethra terminates and where two ductus deferens open
Also prostatic ductules open on each side of it

59
Q

Name 2, 3, 4, 6

A

2) colliculus seminalis
3) prostatic ductules
4) urethral crest
6) ductus deferens

60
Q
A

1) Pelvic urethral muscle
2) colliculus seminalis
3) urethral crest

61
Q

describe preferred location for urethrostomy to remove stones

A

In scrotal are because urethra is widest and most superficial with least amount of cavernous tissue

62
Q

Why is perineal urethrostomy not recommended?

A

associated with profuse bleeding, due to the well –defined corpus spongiosum. Also the urethra is located much deep in this location.

63
Q

What type of tissues is the penis composed of

A

erectile, muscular, vascular, nervous

64
Q

What type of penis do carniovores have and what does this mean

A

musculocavernous
cavernous tissue predominates with less connective tissue

increase in all dimensions during an erection

65
Q

Name the three regions of the penis

A

root, body, glans

66
Q
A

1) root
2) bidy
3) glans

67
Q

What makes up the root of the penis

A

Right and left crus and bulb that blend into a single body

68
Q

Describe the two corpora of the penis

A

The two corpora extend side by side, separated by a median septum, along the length of the penile body to the os penis in the glans penis.

69
Q
A

1) crus
2) bulb

70
Q

What makes up the bulb of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum

71
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum

A

A thin sleeve of cavernous tissue around the caudal part of the pelvic urethra and the whole penile urethra

at the ischial arch the CS enlarges forming the bulb of the penis bewteen the two crura

72
Q

What muscle is associated with the bulb of the penis

A

medial bulbospongiosus m

73
Q

Describe the crus of the penis

A

Each consists of a crpus cavernosum penis (ccp) convered by tunica albuginea and ischicavernosus m

Note: The Tunica albuginea surrounds the CCP only, NOT the whole penis, NOT the CS.

74
Q

Where does the tunica albuginea attach each crus to?

A

the ischial arch

75
Q

Where does the body of the penis begin

A

Where the two crura fise distal to the bulb of the penis

76
Q

What happens to the CCP in the glans

A

It is replaced by the os penis

77
Q

Where is the CCP/os penis in relation to the urethra

A

Dorsal

The CCP and os penis have a ventral urethral groove

78
Q

What does the cavernous tissue form in the penis

A

2 bulbs: bulb of penis at the root, bulb of the glans

2 corpora:
Corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) - surround penile urethra
Corpus spongiosum glandis (CSG) - surrounds os penis

And corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) - crura to body then replaced by os penis, always dorsal to urethra

79
Q
A

5, pelvic urethra
6, bulb of penis enclosed by bulbospongiosus M.
7, ischiocavernosus over left crus
8, body of penis
9 & 9′ bulbus & pars longa glandis

80
Q

What does the glans penis surround

A

Os penis

81
Q

Name the parts of the glans penis and species differences

A

bulbus glandis, pars longa glandis

two parts only exist in the dog not the cat

Note: we can say bulbus glandis
or bulb of the glans but can not
say bulb of penis. It is different!

82
Q
A

1- Bulbus glandis
2- Pars longa glandis

83
Q

What is the bulbus glandis and clin sig

A

Cavernous expansion of the corpus spongiosum (CS)
forming the corpus spongiosum glandis (CSG)

involved in “tie/lock”

84
Q

What is the pars longa glandis

A

Apex of penis
contains CSG

85
Q

Describe pars longa glandis vasculature

A

Drained by two veins into the bulbus glandis which drains into the dorsal veins of penis

86
Q
A

1) CSP
2) CSG
3) os penis
4) pars longa glandis
5) CSG
6) BUlbus glandis
7) CCP (dorsal)

87
Q
A

6) pars longa glandis (cut)
9) bulbus glandis
10) corpus spongiosum around urethra
12) os penis

88
Q

What is the os penis/baculum

A

In carnivores it replaces the CCP within the penile glans (less develped in tom)

it supports the entire glans penis (the two parts)

it permits intromission before complete erection

89
Q

Where is the os penis attached caudally

A

The base is attached to the penile body via the tunica albuginea of the CC

90
Q

Where is a common location for urinary calculi to get lodged and why

A

In urethra at caudal end of os penis
because urethral groove in ventral surface of os penis prevents urethral expanison

91
Q

List the 4 extrinsic muscles of the penis

A

All are paired
Retractor penis
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus muscle
ischiourethralis muscle

92
Q

Is retractor penis smooth or striated

A

smooth

93
Q

Retractor penis origin and where does it run

A

1st/2nd caudal vertebrae
pass around each side of anal canal and run along ventral penis

94
Q

Retractor penis insertion

A

penis at base of glans

95
Q

What does the ischiocavernosus cover

A

crura

96
Q

ischiocavernosus origin

A

ischiatic tuberosity

97
Q

ischiocavernosus insertion

A

tunica albuginea of the crus

98
Q

What does the bulbospongiosis m cover? what does it lie between?

A

covers bulb of penis
lies between the ischiocavernosus

99
Q

bulbospongiosis m origin

A

ext anal sphincter

100
Q

bulbospongiosis m insertion

A

retractor penis m in the proximal portion of the penis

101
Q

Ischiourethralis m origin and where does it run

A

ischial tuberosity
runs transversely across pelvic urethra

102
Q

Ischiourethralis m insertion

A

fibrous ring at the ischiatic symphysis (the transverse perineal lig) which encircles the common trunk of the dorsal veins of the penis

103
Q

Ischiourethralis m action

A

tense the transvers perineal lig
reduces or blocks venous blood flow from the penic through the fibrous ring causing an erection

104
Q
A

1) retractor penis
2) ischiocavernosus

105
Q
A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

106
Q
A

Ischiourethralis muscle

107
Q

Name 2, 3, 4, 7

A

2) ischiourethralis m
3) retractor penis m
4) bulbospongiosus m
7) ischiocavernosus m

108
Q

What is the prepuce

A

Doubled tubular fold of skin covering the glans penis when non-erected

109
Q

Describe the layers of the prepuce

A

Hairy ext layer
non hairy internal layer
mucous membrane
all meet at preputial orifice

110
Q

Where does the internal lamina become continuous with skin of the glans

A

fornix of prepuce

111
Q

where is the preputial cavity

A

between internal layer and glans

112
Q

What happens to the internal lamina in an erect state

A

become everted/reflected over the bulbus glans

113
Q

Describe the preputial m

A

small strip of cutaneous trunci M. attached to dorsal wall of prepuce.
(it draws the prepuce cranially over the glans after copulation) closing the preputial orifice

114
Q

Name 1, 3, 4, 5, 7

A

1) preputial orifice
3) non-hairy internal layer
4) preputial cavity
7) fornix of prepuce

115
Q

What do the pelvic nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic

A

Parasymp. S2-3
Assist in relazing helicine vessels and increasing CCP blood flow = erection

116
Q

What nerves innervate the penis

A

Pelvic
hypogastric
pudendal

117
Q

What do the hypogastric nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic

A

Symp L1-4
Propulsion of seminal fluids = ejaculation

118
Q

What do the pudendal nerves do and are they symp/parasymp/somatic

A

Somatic S2-3
Striated muscles = erection and ejaculation
sensation of glans penis

119
Q

Name the main arterial supply of the penis and what does it branch into

A

Paired Arteries of the penis (from int pudendal)
Each branches into artery of the bulb, deep artery, dorsal artery

120
Q

What does the artery of the bulb supply

A

Corpus spongiosum of the bulb and penile urethra, CS glandis

121
Q

What does the deep artery supply

A

Corpus cavernosum and os penis

122
Q

What does the dorsal artery supply

A

Pars longa glandis and os penis and part of preputial wall

123
Q
A

1) artery of penis
2) artery of bulb
3) deep artery of penis
4) right dorsal artery of penis

124
Q

Name the unique features of the feline male tract

A

Two accessory sex glands
prostate gland does not completely surround the urethra ventrally
bulbourethral glands (BUGS)

Penis in tomcat is directed caudoventrally.
* if erected it is directed cranioventrally like
the rest of animals.
* The os penis less developed with no
urethral groove

125
Q
A

1) prostate gland
2) bulbo-urethral gland
3) glans penis

126
Q

Why would a queen scream as the tom withdraws

A

Backward projecting cornified spines on the glans

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