Female Ruminant and Porcine

Question 1

Describe cow ovary

Answer 1

Smaller than mare
 Size varies with stage of estrous
cycle
 Covered with germinal epithelium (except
of the attached border) 

Question 2

T/F: Follicles and CL are palpable per rectum in the cow

Answer 2

Follicles and CL’s palpable per rectum

Question 3

Describe ovary in sows

Answer 3

Resembles a bunch of grapes

Numerous follicles and corpora lutea
of varying sizes

Question 4

Describe small ruminant ovaries

Answer 4

Oval with uneven surface (almond-shaped)

Multiple ovulations

Question 5

Where are the ovaries located in ruminants and sows? Where can they be palpated in cows?

Answer 5

at pelvic inlet due to caudal migration

cows: ovaries can be palpated just
ventral to the level of the pelvic brim.

Question 6

Compare ovarian bursa across ruminants
(large and small) and sows

Answer 6

Cow and sow: large (the ovary can slip
in & out)

Small Ruminants and
horse: Less defined than cow, Shallow

Question 7

Answer 7

1) uterine body
2) proper ligament of the ovary
3) ovary
4) ovarian follicles
5) mesosalpinx
6) uterine tibe (ampulla)
7) infundibulum

Question 8

compare suspensory and proper lig across species

Answer 8

Suspensory lig. is only in carnivores

Proper lig. In equine and carnivora is attached to uterine horn, but in other animals attaches to mesometrium

Question 9

Describe mesoovarium in sows and clin sig

Answer 9

the mesovarium is extensive

Ovaries are mobile (from ca to kidneys→ pelvic inlet)

Question 10

Describe oviducts in ruminants

Answer 10

Gradual transition in size, Difficult to demarcate UTJ

Question 11

Describe oviduct and Clin sig in sows

Answer 11

Large diameter

The uterine end merges
abruptly with the uterine horn.

Obstruction of the uterine tube
produces hydrosalpinx and is
the most common cause of
infertility in sow.

Question 12

T/F: all domestic species have a bicornuate uterus

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Which species have a short body uterus

Answer 13

Cats, dogs, and pigs

Question 14

Which species have a bi-partite uterus

Answer 14

ruminants

Question 15

Which species have a cruciform uterus

Answer 15

mare

Question 16

Where does fetal development take place in cows (and why)

Answer 16

in the horns (cows have a small body)

Question 17

What structure is in the ruminant endometrium? in mares/sows?

Answer 17

Cows: In ruminants, the endometrium has raised areas (lumps) (caruncles)

Mare and sow: only endometrial folds.

Question 18

describe ruminant uterus

Answer 18

Ram’s horn shaped
Septum separates two horns
Small body
Caruncles

Question 19

where is semen deposited in ruminants

Answer 19

The body is the major site for
semen deposition

Question 20

What are the intercornual lig and clin sig

Answer 20

Dorsal and ventral ligaments between the two horns

space between them makes pulling uterus backward during rectal palpation easier

Question 21

Name 3-6

Answer 21

3) uterine horn
4) intercornual lig
5) intercornual septum
6) body (small)

Question 22

Answer 22

dorsal and ventral intercornual lig

Question 23

Describe ewe uterus

Answer 23

Uterus is shaped like the cow
Intercornual lig. less developed
Septum between the horns

Question 24

compare/contrast caruncles in large vs small ruminants

Answer 24

large: convex

small: concave, can be pigmented (it is not necrotic!)

Question 25

Where is the broad ligament attached in ruminants

Answer 25

ventral uterus to lateral body wall

Question 25

Describe sow uterus

Answer 25

Very short body

Longest horns (1.5m) - resemble jejunal coils (distinguish with jejunal arcades)

“Float” within abdomen

Question 26

What are plica circulares and clin sig

Answer 26

3-4 annular rings

bands of smooth m. covered by mucous membrane.

make the cervical canal very tortuous - helps keep cervix closed esp in pregnancy (have less abortions than in mares)

Question 27

Describe the vaginal fornix in the cow

Answer 27

Deeper DORSALLY than ventrally (cow
& ewe)

Question 28

Describe the cervix in small ruminants and clin sig

Answer 28

Doe
3-5 plica circulares (meet but do not interdigitate).
Plica exhibit longitudinal folds

Ewe
 4-6 plica circulares that interdigitate

AI
 Possible in doe
 Difficult in ewe

Question 29

Describe the cervix of the sow

Answer 29

Very long

Has longitudinal folds

Has interdigitating firm tubercles
called Pulvini cervicales
that form a spiral-shaped canal

no vaginal fornix

Question 30

Describe the vagina of the sow

Answer 30

Long

An annular hymen may be present at the junction of the vagina with the vestibule

Question 31

Describe the vestibule of the cow

Answer 31

slopes in a cranio-dorsal direction

Major vestibular glands (NO minor)

Question 32

What are vestibular glands homologous to in the male, where do they open, and clin sig

Answer 32

Homologous to bulbourethral gland
May become cystic
Open just caudolateral to the urethral opening

Question 33

what is the suburethral diverticulum, in what species is it present, and clin sig

Answer 33

blind pouch ventral to external urethral orifice
present in cows, sows, ewes
don’t put catheter here if trying to get into urethra

Question 34

which species does not have vestibular glands

Answer 34

goats
may have vestibular bulbs like in mares/bitch

Question 35

describe the vestibule of the sow

Answer 35

Long  Minor vestibular glands  Suburethral diverticulum

Question 36

Descrbie clitoris of sow

Answer 36

Long and tortuous
 Small glans projects over clitoral fossa

Question 37

Describe blood supply of female repro tract

Answer 37

3 arteries in broad lig

Ovarian artery:
From aorta, Branch to uterus

Uterine artery:
Cow, sow – from umbilical, from internal iliac
Mare – from external iliac

Vaginal artery
from internal pudendal

Question 38

clin sig of artery supply of repro tract in cows

Answer 38

very prominent esp when pregnant and can palpate

which side you feel pulse on corresponds to the horn the fetus is located in