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Reproduction > Male Anatomy (Chapter 3) > Flashcards

Male Anatomy (Chapter 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between male and female gamete production?

A

Males constantly generate gametes unlike females

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2
Q

True or false: sperm straight from testes can fertilize.

A

False; they must go thru the epididymis where they sit until needed

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3
Q

For testes to function correctly…. If not?

A

They must stay cooler than body temp; major malformations

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4
Q

The _________ in the male are similar to the ovary in the female.

A

testes

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5
Q

What are the primary functions of the testes?

A
  • location of spermatogenesis/production of the gamete
  • production of the androgen testosterone (also produce inhibit, estrogen, and proteins important in spermatogenesis)
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6
Q

In the package analogy, what are the functions of the parts of the basic male anatomy?

A
  • testes = manufacturing
  • epididymis = finishing and shipment
  • ductus deferens = taking to fedex
  • accessory sex glands = packaging (fluid, nutrients, etc.)
  • penis = delivery (for male gamete)
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7
Q

True or false: during urination, some sperm will leave.

A

True

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8
Q

What are the 3 accessory sex glands?

A
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland
  • vesicular gland
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9
Q

Which accessory sex gland(s) are in pairs?

A

Bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland and vesicular gland

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10
Q

Which accessory sex gland(s) are singular (not in pairs)?

A

prostate glands

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11
Q

What are the functions of the accessory sex glands?

A
  • add fluid/volume to semen
  • energy for sperm thru metabolic substrates
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12
Q

Veinous blood goes from _______ to the ________.

A

Testes; body

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13
Q

The epididymis head and body are important for….?

A
  • sperm gain ability to fertilize and movement
  • fluid absorption
  • cytoplasmic droplet translocation (important for effective fertilization)
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14
Q

The epididymis tail is important for….?

A
  • storage of sperm
  • smooth muscle contractions upon sexual stimulation
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15
Q

Massive number of sperm move out of the _________ when excited/ejaculation. But, if they sit here too long, _________ occurs because genetic material ages in male like the female.

A

Epididymis tail; degradation

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16
Q

The accessory sex glands are located in the _______ part of the tract.

A

dorsal

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17
Q

True or false: the male reproductive system also originates from the urinary system.

A

True

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18
Q

The ductus deferens connects the ______________ and the ___________.

A

Tail of the epididymis; pelvic urethra

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19
Q

The pelvic urethra allows the passage for both….?

A

Sperm and urine

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20
Q

The spermatic cord extends from the ___________ to the dorsal side of the testes.

A

inguinal ring

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21
Q

The spermatic cord suspends the ________ from the body cavity into the ________.

A

Testes; scrotum

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22
Q

The spermatic cord is home to….?

A
  • vasculature, nerves, lymphatics (submucosa)
  • vas/ductus deferens
  • cremaster muscle
  • Pampiniform plexus
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23
Q

What does the ductus deferens do?

A

Carries sperm away from testes

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24
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A
  • Encompasses spermatic cord
  • support for testes and scrotum
  • temp control by contracting and relaxing to give pulse back to blood
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25
Q

True or false: the cremaster muscle is capable of sustained contractions.

A

False; it is not capable of sustained contractions other than for fight-or-flight responses

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26
Q

Bilateral crypto’s are often sterile because…?

A

There is not cooling in the testes

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27
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

Vascular network (veinous and arterial blood) for the testes

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28
Q

What type of penis does the bull have? How does erection occur?

A

Fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure (S-shaped); through extension (no change in length/diameter, just extends out of the body)

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29
Q

Testicular _________ and the ________ is important for cooling.

A

Descent; scrotum

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30
Q

The ____________ vaginal tunic is on the testes, while the ____________ vaginal tunic is on the scrotum.

A

visceral; parietal

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31
Q

The _____________ muscle relaxes when excited to release the S-shape of the penis.

A

retractor penis

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32
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Strong connective tissue that pulls testes outside of body during development (testicular descent)

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33
Q

Where do accessory sex glands sit in the bull?

A

Opening of pelvic urethra (which runs the length of the penis)

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34
Q

Where does sperm achieve the ability to move and fertilize?

A

Head and body of the epididymis

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35
Q

What are the ampulla?

A

Thickened, highly secretory part of the ductus deferens that give the initial fluid to sperm

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36
Q

Do all species have ampulla?

A

no

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37
Q

True or false: each testes has an individual spermatic cord.

A

True

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38
Q

The ____________ helps make sure everything goes in the right direction in terms of urine and reproductive materials.

A

urethralis muscle

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39
Q

What is the scrotum’s purpose?

A
  • protection
  • support
  • temp regulation
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40
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?-

A
  • skin (sweat glands and sympathetic innervation)
  • tunica dartos
  • scrotal fascia
  • parietal vaginal tunic
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41
Q

What is the crus penis? Which species is it found in?

A

Where the penile tissue connects to the pelvis and main body circulatory system for blood; all of the species

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42
Q

What does the IcM do?

A

Stabilizes penis through contraction/pressure

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43
Q

Which species has the most pendulous testes?

A

bull

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44
Q

If glans penis is injured, the stallion…..?

A

might not be able to find the right “place” in the mare

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45
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic? What is a role of each in reproduction?

A

Sympathetic is conscious and important for cooling; parasympathetic is subconscious and important for gamete production

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46
Q

In the stallion, the testes and scrotum are less __________ and more ___________.

A

Pendulous/horizontal

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47
Q

As ___________ blood comes out of the testes, it gives ___________ blood testosterone, and it takes _________ from the arterial blood.

A

Veinous; arterial; heat

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48
Q

When blood goes into the testes, it becomes….?

A

pulseless

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49
Q

What gives the pulse back to blood?

A

Cremaster muscle

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50
Q

True or false: the panpiniform plexus also transfers testosterone.

A

True

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51
Q

What does the branching in the panpiniform plexus allow for?

A

Greater heat transfer

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52
Q

What can recapture fertility if the testes are too hot for a moment?

A

Panpiniform plexus

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53
Q

What does the stallion rely on for erection?

A

Blood engorgement

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54
Q

True or false: the stallion has a sigmoid flexure in its penis.

A

False; no sigmoid flexure (relies on blood engorgement)

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55
Q

How does the skin of the scrotum regulate temp?

A

Sweat glands and increased respiration (sympathetic innervation)

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56
Q

How does the tunica dartos (dartos muscle) of the scrotum regulate temp?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • sustained contraction (movement) of testes; changes location of testes depending on nerves in skin
57
Q

With warming, the ________ of the scrotum wrinkles and decreases _____________ of the scrotum.

A

Skin; surface area

58
Q

With cooling, the skin of the scrotum __________, and ___________ surface area of the scrotum.

A

Stretches; increases

59
Q

What is the biggest difference between the cremaster muscle and the tunica dartos?

A

The cremaster muscle has no sustained contraction and cools by moving blood through the panpiniform plexus, while the tunica dartos can hold sustained contractions

60
Q

True or false: cooling needs to be constant.

A

False; it’s necessary but doesn’t need to be constant

61
Q

What is a parenchyma?

A

Cellular mass of an organ

62
Q

True or false: the boar and tom have an ampulla.

A

True or false: the boar and tom have an ampulla

63
Q

If there is a sigmoid flexure, the penis is ___________.

A

Fibroelastic

64
Q

The accessory sex gland(s) of the dog are….?

A

The prostate

65
Q

How do testes aid in movement of sperm?

A

Providing rete fluid

66
Q

What are the 2 layers of the testicular capsule?

A

visceral vaginal tunic and tunica albuginea

67
Q

What occurs in the lobule?

A

Spermatogenesis

68
Q

What is the tunica albuginea? What does it do?

A
  • connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers
  • can mildly contract to force sperm into the rete tubules/mediastinum and efferent ducts
69
Q

Where are sperm produced and developed in terms of the testicular parenchyma?

A

Seminiferous tubules

70
Q

The ___________ in the dog becomes so enlarged that a copulatory _______ occurs during copulation.

A

Bulbus glandis/lock

71
Q

What are the components of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • seminiferous epithelium
  • peritubular cells
72
Q

What are Sertoli cells? Where are they found?

A

Nurse cells to protect the gametes within the seminiferous epithelium

73
Q

Where are developing germ cells/male gametes found?

A

Seminiferous epithelium

74
Q

What are peritubular cells?

A

Muscle cell type that contracts to remove sperm cell from the seminiferous epithelium into the lumen of the tubulus contortus

75
Q

What are the two components of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Basal compartment (next to the basal membrane) and the adluminial compartment

76
Q

What is the purpose/benefit of the copulatory lock in dogs?

A

Minimizes cervix flushing to maximize semen retention

77
Q

Where are leydig cells found? What do they do?

A

Interstitial compartment; produce testosterone/androgen

78
Q

What does the interstitial compartment include?

A
  • leydig cells
  • capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • connective tissue
79
Q

What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea’ s finger-like structures?

A

To give many access points for blood

80
Q

The dog has an Os penis which is bony and gives the penis _______ (making it partly _______), and also has rapid 3D expansion of the _____________ and _________ (making it also partly _______).

A

Rigidity; Fibroelastic; bulbus glandis; Os penis; blood engorgement

81
Q

The orientation of the testes in the dog is similar to that of the _________.

A

stallion

82
Q

What is the 2nd layer of protection for the gametes in the adluminum?

A

sertoli cells

83
Q

What do Sertoli cells need to function? Where do they get it?

A

Testosterone; leydig cells

84
Q

What is the path of a gamete from in the tubular compartment?

A

Seminiferous epithelium to the tubulus contortus (convoluted) to the tubulus rectus (str8) to the rete tubules

85
Q

Where are rete tubules?

A

Mediastinum

86
Q

What separates the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium and the interstitial compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

The basement membrane

87
Q

The Tom has a _______ penis and a ______ tract.

A

Backside; rotated

88
Q

The orientation of the testes in the Tom are similar to that of the _________.

A

Stallion/dog

89
Q

The accessory sex gland(s) in the cat are….?

A

Prostate and bulbourethral glands

90
Q

Where does mitotic division occur?

A

Basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium

91
Q

The accessory sex gland(s) in the boar are….?

A

Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

92
Q

The accessory sex gland(s) in the stallion are….?

A

Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

93
Q

The accessory sex gland(s) in the bull are….?

A

Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

94
Q

How many gametes per second for males?

A

35,000 - 200,000

95
Q

Basic male anatomy is analagous to….?

A

manufacturing complex

96
Q

What are the five stops of the manufacturing complex?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Epididymis
  3. Tail (cauda) of the epididymis and ductus defernes
  4. Accessory sex glands
  5. Penis
97
Q

What part of the manufacturing complex does the testes, epididymus, tail, sex glands, and penis belong too?

A

manufacturing/assembly plant for spermatozoa
finishing and shipment
warehouse and shipping center
packaging system
delivery system

98
Q

Testes create what?

A

gametes and hormones

99
Q

How do testes achieve ability to move and fertilize?

A

go to head of epididymus

100
Q

What is the tail (cauda)?

A

storage location

101
Q

What does the gubernaticulum purpose?

A

cooling and aiding in testicular descent

102
Q

What are the three major pieces of the spermatic cord that it houses?

A

Ductus deferes
cremaster muscle
pampiniform plexus

103
Q

What is the location of the spermatic cord?

A

extends from the inguinal ring to the attachment of the dorsal pole of the testis.

104
Q

What is the spermatic cord function?

A
  • provide pathway for vasculature, lymphatics and nerves to and from the body
105
Q

What is majority of the spermatic cord mass?

A

testicular artery and veins

106
Q

Testicular artery shape?

A

straight and then becomes convoluted

107
Q

Testicular veins shape?

A

finger-like wrapping

108
Q

What is necessary for spermatogenesis?

A

pampinoform plexus

109
Q

What is the long convoluted testicular artery?

A

pulse pressure elmination

110
Q

What is testosterone movement?

A

Vein to artery

111
Q

What concentration of testosterone does venous and arterial blood have?

A

High in venous
Low in arterial

112
Q

What type of cremaster muscle?

A

Straited

113
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

creates pumping action that facilitates blood flow

114
Q

What is the cremaster muscle incapable of?

A

sustained contractions

115
Q

retroperitoneal position?`

A

testes inside body

116
Q

What is the scrotum called?

A

swamp cooler

117
Q

What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?

A
  • skin
  • tunica dartos
  • scrotal fascia
  • parietal vaginal tunic
118
Q

Testes do what?

A

produce spermatozoa, androgen testosterone, and fluid (rete fluid)

119
Q

Two layers of the testicular capsule?

A
  • visceral vaginal tunic
  • tunica albuginea
120
Q

What two compartments are the testicular parenchyma composed of?

A

tubular and interstidial

121
Q

What does the tubular compartment consist of?

A

seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, peritubular cells, developing germ cells

122
Q

What are sertoli cells known as?

A

nurse cells

123
Q

What is the interstitial compartment composed of?

A
  • interstitial cells of Leydig
  • capillaries
  • lymphatic
  • connective tissue
124
Q

The testes consist of?

A

testicular capsule, parenchyma, mediastinum, rete tubules

125
Q

What does the mediastinum house?

A

rete tubules

126
Q

What does semiferous tubules form?

A

convoluted loops that have a convoluted portion (tubulus contortus) and a straight portion (rectus) that join the rete tubules.

127
Q

What are the two major parts of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

basal and adluminal compartment

128
Q

What are sertoli cells # proportional too?

A

of spermatozoa produced

129
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier?

A

peritubular cells surrounding the seminiferous tubule and the Sertoli cell junctional complexes

130
Q

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

prevent autoimmune reaction from destroying the developing germ cells

131
Q

What are the blood-testis barrier comprised of?

A

perritubular cells and sertoli cells

132
Q

What is the goal of the blood testis barrier?

A

keep germ cells out of aluminal compartment

133
Q

What produces seminal plasma?

A

epididymis and accessory sex glands

134
Q

What species has the highest cell ejaculations?

A

Boar

135
Q

What do accessory sex glands = (4)

A

ampulla, vesicular glands (seminal vesicles), prostate gland, bulbourethral glands (cowper’s gland)

136
Q

What is the excurrent duct system consist of? What does it do?

A

efferent ducts, epididymal duct and ductus deferens

Get spermatozoa out

137
Q

Know this pattern: Seminferous tubules -> tubuli recti -> rete testis -> efferent ducts -> epididymal duct -> vas dederns -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

A

Done!

138
Q

What is the testicular capsule responsible for?

A

supporting and nursing the male gametes. (not transporting, the tubulus contortus does that)

Reproduction (11 decks)

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