Male Anatomy (Chapter 3) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between male and female gamete production?
A
Males constantly generate gametes unlike females
2
Q
True or false: sperm straight from testes can fertilize.
A
False; they must go thru the epididymis where they sit until needed
3
Q
For testes to function correctly…. If not?
A
They must stay cooler than body temp; major malformations
4
Q
The _________ in the male are similar to the ovary in the female.
A
testes
5
Q
What are the primary functions of the testes?
A
- location of spermatogenesis/production of the gamete
- production of the androgen testosterone (also produce inhibit, estrogen, and proteins important in spermatogenesis)
6
Q
In the package analogy, what are the functions of the parts of the basic male anatomy?
A
- testes = manufacturing
- epididymis = finishing and shipment
- ductus deferens = taking to fedex
- accessory sex glands = packaging (fluid, nutrients, etc.)
- penis = delivery (for male gamete)
7
Q
True or false: during urination, some sperm will leave.
A
True
8
Q
What are the 3 accessory sex glands?
A
- prostate
- bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland
- vesicular gland
9
Q
Which accessory sex gland(s) are in pairs?
A
Bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland and vesicular gland
10
Q
Which accessory sex gland(s) are singular (not in pairs)?
A
prostate glands
11
Q
What are the functions of the accessory sex glands?
A
- add fluid/volume to semen
- energy for sperm thru metabolic substrates
12
Q
Veinous blood goes from _______ to the ________.
A
Testes; body
13
Q
The epididymis head and body are important for….?
A
- sperm gain ability to fertilize and movement
- fluid absorption
- cytoplasmic droplet translocation (important for effective fertilization)
14
Q
The epididymis tail is important for….?
A
- storage of sperm
- smooth muscle contractions upon sexual stimulation
15
Q
Massive number of sperm move out of the _________ when excited/ejaculation. But, if they sit here too long, _________ occurs because genetic material ages in male like the female.
A
Epididymis tail; degradation
16
Q
The accessory sex glands are located in the _______ part of the tract.
A
dorsal
17
Q
True or false: the male reproductive system also originates from the urinary system.
A
True
18
Q
The ductus deferens connects the ______________ and the ___________.
A
Tail of the epididymis; pelvic urethra
19
Q
The pelvic urethra allows the passage for both….?
A
Sperm and urine
20
Q
The spermatic cord extends from the ___________ to the dorsal side of the testes.
A
inguinal ring
21
Q
The spermatic cord suspends the ________ from the body cavity into the ________.
A
Testes; scrotum
22
Q
The spermatic cord is home to….?
A
- vasculature, nerves, lymphatics (submucosa)
- vas/ductus deferens
- cremaster muscle
- Pampiniform plexus
23
Q
What does the ductus deferens do?
A
Carries sperm away from testes
24
Q
What does the cremaster muscle do?
A
- Encompasses spermatic cord
- support for testes and scrotum
- temp control by contracting and relaxing to give pulse back to blood
25
True or false: the cremaster muscle is capable of sustained contractions.
False; it is not capable of sustained contractions other than for fight-or-flight responses
26
Bilateral crypto's are often sterile because...?
There is not cooling in the testes
27
What is the pampiniform plexus?
Vascular network (veinous and arterial blood) for the testes
28
What type of penis does the bull have? How does erection occur?
Fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure (S-shaped); through extension (no change in length/diameter, just extends out of the body)
29
Testicular _________ and the ________ is important for cooling.
Descent; scrotum
30
The ____________ vaginal tunic is on the testes, while the ____________ vaginal tunic is on the scrotum.
visceral; parietal
31
The _____________ muscle relaxes when excited to release the S-shape of the penis.
retractor penis
32
What is the gubernaculum?
Strong connective tissue that pulls testes outside of body during development (testicular descent)
33
Where do accessory sex glands sit in the bull?
Opening of pelvic urethra (which runs the length of the penis)
34
Where does sperm achieve the ability to move and fertilize?
Head and body of the epididymis
35
What are the ampulla?
Thickened, highly secretory part of the ductus deferens that give the initial fluid to sperm
36
Do all species have ampulla?
no
37
True or false: each testes has an individual spermatic cord.
True
38
The ____________ helps make sure everything goes in the right direction in terms of urine and reproductive materials.
urethralis muscle
39
What is the scrotum's purpose?
- protection
- support
- temp regulation
40
What are the layers of the scrotum?-
- skin (sweat glands and sympathetic innervation)
- tunica dartos
- scrotal fascia
- parietal vaginal tunic
41
What is the crus penis? Which species is it found in?
Where the penile tissue connects to the pelvis and main body circulatory system for blood; all of the species
42
What does the IcM do?
Stabilizes penis through contraction/pressure
43
Which species has the most pendulous testes?
bull
44
If glans penis is injured, the stallion.....?
might not be able to find the right "place" in the mare
45
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic? What is a role of each in reproduction?
Sympathetic is conscious and important for cooling; parasympathetic is subconscious and important for gamete production
46
In the stallion, the testes and scrotum are less __________ and more ___________.
Pendulous/horizontal
47
As ___________ blood comes out of the testes, it gives ___________ blood testosterone, and it takes _________ from the arterial blood.
Veinous; arterial; heat
48
When blood goes into the testes, it becomes....?
pulseless
49
What gives the pulse back to blood?
Cremaster muscle
50
True or false: the panpiniform plexus also transfers testosterone.
True
51
What does the branching in the panpiniform plexus allow for?
Greater heat transfer
52
What can recapture fertility if the testes are too hot for a moment?
Panpiniform plexus
53
What does the stallion rely on for erection?
Blood engorgement
54
True or false: the stallion has a sigmoid flexure in its penis.
False; no sigmoid flexure (relies on blood engorgement)
55
How does the skin of the scrotum regulate temp?
Sweat glands and increased respiration (sympathetic innervation)
56
How does the tunica dartos (dartos muscle) of the scrotum regulate temp?
- smooth muscle
- sustained contraction (movement) of testes; changes location of testes depending on nerves in skin
57
With warming, the ________ of the scrotum wrinkles and decreases _____________ of the scrotum.
Skin; surface area
58
With cooling, the skin of the scrotum __________, and ___________ surface area of the scrotum.
Stretches; increases
59
What is the biggest difference between the cremaster muscle and the tunica dartos?
The cremaster muscle has no sustained contraction and cools by moving blood through the panpiniform plexus, while the tunica dartos can hold sustained contractions
60
True or false: cooling needs to be constant.
False; it's necessary but doesn't need to be constant
61
What is a parenchyma?
Cellular mass of an organ
62
True or false: the boar and tom have an ampulla.
True or false: the boar and tom have an ampulla
63
If there is a sigmoid flexure, the penis is ___________.
Fibroelastic
64
The accessory sex gland(s) of the dog are....?
The prostate
65
How do testes aid in movement of sperm?
Providing rete fluid
66
What are the 2 layers of the testicular capsule?
visceral vaginal tunic and tunica albuginea
67
What occurs in the lobule?
Spermatogenesis
68
What is the tunica albuginea? What does it do?
- connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers
- can mildly contract to force sperm into the rete tubules/mediastinum and efferent ducts
69
Where are sperm produced and developed in terms of the testicular parenchyma?
Seminiferous tubules
70
The ___________ in the dog becomes so enlarged that a copulatory _______ occurs during copulation.
Bulbus glandis/lock
71
What are the components of the seminiferous tubules?
- seminiferous epithelium
- peritubular cells
72
What are Sertoli cells? Where are they found?
Nurse cells to protect the gametes within the seminiferous epithelium
73
Where are developing germ cells/male gametes found?
Seminiferous epithelium
74
What are peritubular cells?
Muscle cell type that contracts to remove sperm cell from the seminiferous epithelium into the lumen of the tubulus contortus
75
What are the two components of the seminiferous epithelium?
Basal compartment (next to the basal membrane) and the adluminial compartment
76
What is the purpose/benefit of the copulatory lock in dogs?
Minimizes cervix flushing to maximize semen retention
77
Where are leydig cells found? What do they do?
Interstitial compartment; produce testosterone/androgen
78
What does the interstitial compartment include?
- leydig cells
- capillaries
- lymphatic vessels
- connective tissue
79
What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea' s finger-like structures?
To give many access points for blood
80
The dog has an Os penis which is bony and gives the penis _______ (making it partly _______), and also has rapid 3D expansion of the _____________ and _________ (making it also partly _______).
Rigidity; Fibroelastic; bulbus glandis; Os penis; blood engorgement
81
The orientation of the testes in the dog is similar to that of the _________.
stallion
82
What is the 2nd layer of protection for the gametes in the adluminum?
sertoli cells
83
What do Sertoli cells need to function? Where do they get it?
Testosterone; leydig cells
84
What is the path of a gamete from in the tubular compartment?
Seminiferous epithelium to the tubulus contortus (convoluted) to the tubulus rectus (str8) to the rete tubules
85
Where are rete tubules?
Mediastinum
86
What separates the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium and the interstitial compartment of the seminiferous tubules?
The basement membrane
87
The Tom has a _______ penis and a ______ tract.
Backside; rotated
88
The orientation of the testes in the Tom are similar to that of the _________.
Stallion/dog
89
The accessory sex gland(s) in the cat are....?
Prostate and bulbourethral glands
90
Where does mitotic division occur?
Basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium
91
The accessory sex gland(s) in the boar are....?
Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
92
The accessory sex gland(s) in the stallion are....?
Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
93
The accessory sex gland(s) in the bull are....?
Vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
94
How many gametes per second for males?
35,000 - 200,000
95
Basic male anatomy is analagous to....?
manufacturing complex
96
What are the five stops of the manufacturing complex?
1. Testes
2. Epididymis
3. Tail (cauda) of the epididymis and ductus defernes
4. Accessory sex glands
5. Penis
97
What part of the manufacturing complex does the testes, epididymus, tail, sex glands, and penis belong too?
manufacturing/assembly plant for spermatozoa
finishing and shipment
warehouse and shipping center
packaging system
delivery system
98
Testes create what?
gametes and hormones
99
How do testes achieve ability to move and fertilize?
go to head of epididymus
100
What is the tail (cauda)?
storage location
101
What does the gubernaticulum purpose?
cooling and aiding in testicular descent
102
What are the three major pieces of the spermatic cord that it houses?
Ductus deferes
cremaster muscle
pampiniform plexus
103
What is the location of the spermatic cord?
extends from the inguinal ring to the attachment of the dorsal pole of the testis.
104
What is the spermatic cord function?
- provide pathway for vasculature, lymphatics and nerves to and from the body
105
What is majority of the spermatic cord mass?
testicular artery and veins
106
Testicular artery shape?
straight and then becomes convoluted
107
Testicular veins shape?
finger-like wrapping
108
What is necessary for spermatogenesis?
pampinoform plexus
109
What is the long convoluted testicular artery?
pulse pressure elmination
110
What is testosterone movement?
Vein to artery
111
What concentration of testosterone does venous and arterial blood have?
High in venous
Low in arterial
112
What type of cremaster muscle?
Straited
113
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
creates pumping action that facilitates blood flow
114
What is the cremaster muscle incapable of?
sustained contractions
115
retroperitoneal position?`
testes inside body
116
What is the scrotum called?
swamp cooler
117
What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?
- skin
- tunica dartos
- scrotal fascia
- parietal vaginal tunic
118
Testes do what?
produce spermatozoa, androgen testosterone, and fluid (rete fluid)
119
Two layers of the testicular capsule?
- visceral vaginal tunic
- tunica albuginea
120
What two compartments are the testicular parenchyma composed of?
tubular and interstidial
121
What does the tubular compartment consist of?
seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, peritubular cells, developing germ cells
122
What are sertoli cells known as?
nurse cells
123
What is the interstitial compartment composed of?
- interstitial cells of Leydig
- capillaries
- lymphatic
- connective tissue
124
The testes consist of?
testicular capsule, parenchyma, mediastinum, rete tubules
125
What does the mediastinum house?
rete tubules
126
What does semiferous tubules form?
convoluted loops that have a convoluted portion (tubulus contortus) and a straight portion (rectus) that join the rete tubules.
127
What are the two major parts of the seminiferous epithelium?
basal and adluminal compartment
128
What are sertoli cells # proportional too?
# of spermatozoa produced
129
What is the blood-testis barrier?
peritubular cells surrounding the seminiferous tubule and the Sertoli cell junctional complexes
130
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
prevent autoimmune reaction from destroying the developing germ cells
131
What are the blood-testis barrier comprised of?
perritubular cells and sertoli cells
132
What is the goal of the blood testis barrier?
keep germ cells out of aluminal compartment
133
What produces seminal plasma?
epididymis and accessory sex glands
134
What species has the highest cell ejaculations?
Boar
135
What do accessory sex glands = (4)
ampulla, vesicular glands (seminal vesicles), prostate gland, bulbourethral glands (cowper's gland)
136
What is the excurrent duct system consist of? What does it do?
efferent ducts, epididymal duct and ductus deferens
Get spermatozoa out
137
Know this pattern: Seminferous tubules -> tubuli recti -> rete testis -> efferent ducts -> epididymal duct -> vas dederns -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
Done!
138
What is the testicular capsule responsible for?
supporting and nursing the male gametes. (not transporting, the tubulus contortus does that)
