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Reproduction > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryogenesis of the pituitary and the male and female reproductive tracts?

A

A sequence of critical events that is similar among mammalian species.

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Where unspecialized cells develop into recognizable groups of cells that have a common function.

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3
Q

What are the germ layers in the inner cell mass prior to embryo attachment to the uterus? Pre Differentiation?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

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4
Q

Endoderm is what?

A

the innermost cellular layer of the embryo that gives rise to the digestive system, lungs, and endocrine system

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5
Q

Mesoderm is what?

A

the middle cellular layer of the embryo that gives rise to the circulatory, skeletal, muscular, and urinary systems.

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6
Q

Ectoderm is what?

A

the outermost layer of the embryo that gives rise to the central nervous system, skin, and hair.

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7
Q

What ___derm layer has it where most of the reproductive system is derived from there?

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary originates where?

A

the tissue in the roof of the embryo’s mouth called stomodeal ectoderm.

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9
Q

The stomodeal ectoderm gives rise to what?

A

A diverticulum called Rathke’s Pouch (pocket)

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10
Q

As the rathke pouch continues to develop what forms?

A

adenohypophysis

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11
Q

What is a diverticulum

A

a pouch diverting form a main tube, channel, or cavity.

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12
Q

What does a diverticulum develop into?

A

the infundibulum

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13
Q

What does the infundibulum differentiate into?

A

the neurohypophysis

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14
Q

Hypohysis =

A

pituitary

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15
Q

Adenohypophysis =

A

anterior lobe

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16
Q

Neurohypophysis =

A

posterior lobe

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17
Q

What forms around both lobes as pituitary development nears completion for the purpose of protection?

A

sphenoid bone

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18
Q

What protective cavity of the sphenoid bone forms?

A

sella turcica

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19
Q

What is the initial step in sex determination?

A

At fertilization where a sperm delivers either and X (female) or Y (male) chromosome to the oocyte.

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20
Q

Is the yolk sac still present in early embryo?

A

yes

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21
Q

What happens in early embryo?

A

First primordial (primitive) germ cells develop in the base tp the hindgut. Then these cells migrate by ameboid movement to the bipotential gonad.

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22
Q

What happens to the cells that don’t make it to the bipotential gonad?

A

get absorbed by the body

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23
Q

Bipotential means?

A

Capable of differentiating along two developmental pathways (ovary or testis)

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24
Q

Where is the bipotential gonad located?

A

genital ridge

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25
Q

What does this bipotential gonad eventually form?

A

the gonads in the male or female

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26
Q

As primordial germ cells are colonizing the genital ridge, what are they undergoing?

A

an increase in number (proliferate) and mitosis

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27
Q

AS germ cells proliferate in the genital ridge, what strand of tissue forms?

A

primitive sex cords

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28
Q

Renal system consist of?

A

kidney, ureters, urethra

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29
Q

What are the 6 min embryological events in the reproductive system?

A
  1. Migration of primordial germ cells from yolk sac.
  2. Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop.
  3. Sex evident from structures.
  4. Development of male ducts/testes. Or. Development of female ducts/ovaries.
  5. Formation of broad ligament.
  6. Testicular descent
30
Q

What are the three morphologically distinct renal systems (kidneys)?

A
  1. Pronephros (pronephric kidney)
  2. Mesonephros (mesonephric kidney)
  3. Metanephros (metanephric kidney)
31
Q

The mesonephros forms/develops what two things?

A

urine and the paramesonephric ducts beside the mesonephric ducts.

32
Q

The mesonephros (mesonephric kidney) is made up of what?

A

The mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric ducts.

33
Q

What drains the urine?

A

a bilateral pair of ducts called mesonephric ducts.

34
Q

By what percent of gestation is the final form of kidney begin to appear and become functional?

A

10-15% and 30-35%

35
Q
  1. Even with the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts present, is the embryo still uncommited in terms of its sex?
  2. What stage is this?
A
  1. Yes
  2. sexually indifferent stage.
36
Q

What does a Y chromosome carry/produce

A

SRY gene/protein

37
Q

What regulates sexual differentiation and what does it control?

A

The SRY gene that controls pathway to male or female development

38
Q

SRY gene stands for?

A

sex determining region

39
Q

SRY protein is synthesized by what?

A

sex cords within the primitive gonad

40
Q

What type of processes are the development of female and male gonads?

A

Active processes/pathways

41
Q

With an active pathway, the ovarian development is NOT by default in the abscence of SRY.

True of False?

A

True

42
Q

With an active pathway, the ovarian development is NOT by default in the absence of SRY.

True of False?

A

True

43
Q

What is derived from the mesonephric tubules in the male embryo?

A

efferent ducts

44
Q

What is derived from mesonephric ducts in the male embryo?

A

epidiymis and ductus deterens.

45
Q

As portions of the mesonephric kidney appropriate in the male embryo, what degenerates?

A

paremesonephric ducts

46
Q

What allows for the connection of the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts?

A

the rete testis (network of tiny ducts)

47
Q

The efferent ducts, epididymis, and ductus deferens become what in the male reproductive tract?

A

excurrent extragonadal duct system of the male reproductive tract.

48
Q

The testes are formed at the level of the _____. They descend into the _____ late in gestation.

A

ribs and scrotum

49
Q

The testis travel from the ______ position to the scrotum.

A

retroperitoneal

50
Q

What regulates the testis movement (descent) and involves a rapid growth and rapid regresses while the testis grows?

A

gubernaculum

51
Q

What also descends with the testis?

A

peritoneum

52
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic and parietal vaginal tunic

53
Q

What separates the peritoneum layers?

A

a vaginal cavity

54
Q

What are the 3 phases that testicular descent occurs in?

A
  1. Growth and elongation of the fetal body away from the testes. (transabdominal)
  2. Rapid growth of the extra abdominal gubernaculum. (transabdominal)
  3. Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum. (inguinal-scrotal)
55
Q

These tunicae layers of the peritoneum are what ___ that allows for free movement of the testis.

A

slippery

56
Q

What is the most important component of testicular descent?

A

the growth and regression of the gubernaculum.

57
Q

What controls the growth and regression of the gubernaculum?

A

the presence of the testes

58
Q

Descent of the testicles requires both…

A

testosterone and Insulin like-3`

59
Q

What are two testicular descent abnormalities?

A

Cryptorchidism (no descent in scrotums) and inguinal herniation (portions of the intestine passes through the inguinal canal into the vaginal cavity)

60
Q

An inguinal herniation is not uncommon in swine.

True or False?

A

True

61
Q

What does female embryo not have that the male does?

A

SRY gene (protein) and anti-Mullerian hormone

62
Q

What is the result of the female having just the X chromosome? Long process!

A

It lacks the SRY gene that governs the production of SRY protein. Meaning the sex cords differentiate into primitive follicular cells and the bulk of the genital ridge becomes the ovary. This means cells don’t differentiate into Sertoli cells in the primitive gonad. No Sertoli cells means no anti-mullerian hormone can be secreted, therefore the Leydig cells cannot secrete testosterone and the male reproductive tract cannot develop.

63
Q

What develops from paramesonephric duct fusion?

A

the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

64
Q

Sex cords in a female Differentiate into what?

A

primitive follicular cells

65
Q

The genital ridge becomes what in the female with the absence of SRY gene?

A

ovary

66
Q

Where do both the male and female gonad and duct systems originate?

A

behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)

67
Q

What condition exists that results in abnormal embryogenesis of the female reproductive tract?

A

Freemartinism

68
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

A heifer born twin to a bull. the heifer calf is sterile and the bullheifer calf is fertile.

69
Q

AMH stands for?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

70
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

71
Q

If animals can’t get pregnant, can they still ovulate?

A

Yes

Reproduction (11 decks)

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