Female Anatomy (Chapter 2) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the tubular genitalia of the female reproductive tract?
A
Oviducts, Uterus (Uterine Horns and Body), cervix, and vagina
2
Q
What did the tubular genitalia of the female reproductive tract make up in the early embryo?
A
Urinary system
3
Q
What are the similar layers of the tubular genitalia of the female reproductive tract from innermost to outermost?
A
Muscosa (inner) submucosa, muscularis, serosa
4
Q
What are the 2 major functions of the ovary?
A
produce gametes
produce hormones
5
Q
What are the functions of the uterus?
A
- housing compartment for pregnancy (early embryogenesis)
- roles in reproductive cyclicity of the cervix
- sperm moves thru contraction of the uterus (sperm transportation)
6
Q
How does the uterus control cyclicity?
A
The uterus knowns if not pregnant, if so it sends a signal to kill CL so that the body can try to get pregnant again
7
Q
What does the submucosa include?
A
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
8
Q
What is the lumen?
A
Inner cavity/space
9
Q
What does the submucosa do?
A
Facilitate secretions
10
Q
What is the mucosa?
A
secretory layer of the epithelium that surrounds the lumen
11
Q
What is the serosa and what does it do?
A
Squamous cells that cover the outer layer that aids in lubrication and protection
12
Q
What are the 2 parts of the muscularis and what do they do in combination with each other?
A
- circular smooth muscle layer (contracts in)
- longitudinal smooth muscle layer (shortening/lengthening)
- combo helps move things
13
Q
What are the functions of the oviducts?
A
- connect the ovary to the uterus
- capture oocyte through the infundibulum
- where the female gamete is transported following ovulation and site of fertilization
14
Q
What are the functions of the cervix?
A
- a gatekeeper to the uterus, oviducts, and ovaries from bad things (bacteria/unwanted species)
- lubrication during heat for sex (slime to catch things)
- flushing system
15
Q
What is the vagina?
A
the copulatory organ that produces lubricating mucus during estrus
16
Q
Where is the female reproductive tract located?
A
Beneath rectum in the rectogenital pouch
17
Q
How is the female reproductive tract supported?
A
surrounded by the peritoneum
18
Q
What is the peritoneum and its function?
A
- double layer of connective tissue
- membrane that liner inner cavity of abdominal and lines the organs
-supports and allows for transportation of substances
19
Q
What are the three components of the peritoneum?
A
- mesovarium = ovary
- mesoalpinx = oviducts
- mesometrium = uterus/uterine horns
20
Q
Which component of the peritoneum is associated with the ovary?
A
mesovarium
21
Q
Which component of the peritoneum is associated with the oviduct?
A
mesoalpinx
22
Q
Which component of the peritoneum is associated with the uterus/uterine horns?
A
mesometrium
23
Q
Which component of the peritoneum is the largest?
A
mesometrium
24
Q
What does the fusion of the peritoneum form?
A
broad ligament
25
True of false: the mesovarium encases the ovary.
False, it comes to form the hilus
26
What is the hilus of the ovary?
the stalk that provides blood, lymphatics, nerves that support the ovary?
27
What is ventral vs dorsal?
ventral is the front side and dorsal is the back side
28
What is posterior vs anterior?
posterior is pointing from the back and anterior is pointing from the front
29
What is cranial vs caudal?
Cranial is toward the head and caudal is toward the feet
30
What two things differ with reproductive tract anatomy?
nutritional preferences and digestive tract anatomy
31
What species have a very short uterine body?
Ruminants (cows and sheep)
32
What is the uterine body?
Where the 2 uterine horns come together to funnel into the cervix
33
What are the factors that cause variation in uterine horn length?
- genetics
- age
- # of babies (more babies = bigger horn size)
34
What is the infundibulum?
a membrane that floats around the ovary that catches the gamete
35
Follicle ___, infundibulum ____ it, and its filtered through the ____ which is where fertilization occurs.
Ovulates; catches; oviduct
36
Fertilized embryo floats down ___ portions into the ____. The ___ maintains pregnancy. If the embryo dies, the ____ induces the next cycle.
Tubular; uterine horns; uterus; uterus
37
When a follicle ruptures during ___, ____ is sent out and the infundibulum ____ it.
Ovulation; gamete; catches
38
If the infundibulum doesn't catch the gamete, what happens?
The body cavity reabsorbs the gametes
39
The cow's cervix is unique because?
it has 3-4 cervical rings
40
What are caruncles?
specific button-like structures that attach the placenta and uterus
41
What is the fornix vagina?
A 360 degree pouch around the cervical opening with 1 small opening in the center to trap bad things, but allow good sperm to make it to the cervix
42
The ____ penis doesn't enter the cervic, but the ___ penis does?
Cow; pig
43
What is the 1st line of defense in the cow?
Labia
44
What does the cranial vagina/vagina include?
Just the reproductive system
45
What does the caudal vagina/vestibule include?
The reproductive and urinary systems
46
What are the characteristic of the cranial vagina/vagina?
A more secretory mucosa facilitated by the submucosa involved in copulation
47
What are the characteristics of the caudal vagina/vestibule?
- more integrity
- more acidic
- more thick layer of squamous cells
48
The cow has very large ____ compared to its ____?
uterine horns; uterine body
49
The cow has extremely small ____?
Oviducts
50
The cervix of the sow is unique because?
It is very rigid with interdigitating prominences
51
The sow has much longer ____ than the cow because ____?
Uterine horns; pigs have larger litters
52
The ovary is an extremely dynamic organ but has ____?
predictable change
53
What is the difference in an oocyte and ovum?
An oocyte is what is still considered in the follicle and is immature, while an ovum is released and mature
54
What are conceptus?
offspring of any age
55
What produces progesterone and what does it do?
The CL; maintain pregnancy
56
What does CL stand for?
corpus luteum
57
What produces estrogen and what does it do?
Follicle; induces ovulation
58
What are female gonads and where are they produced?
Paired structures from the mesonephric ridge
59
What are the layers of the ovary?
- tunica albuginea
- ovarian cortex
- ovarian medulla
60
What is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?
- connective tissue
- lies just beneath the germinal epithelium
- helps ovary maintain structure
61
What is the ovarian cortex of the ovary?
- houses oocytes (but the mare is inside out)
- produces gametes
- middle layer
62
What is the ovarian medulla of the ovary?
- vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics necessary for producing gametes
- inner layer
63
How many female gametes does a follicle house?
Only 1 each
64
The ovarian cortex is similar to the ________, and the medulla is similar to the ___________?
Mucosa; submucosa
65
For a mare to maintain pregnancy....?
Concepti must touch 12-24x a day (we can use a marble to imitate pregnancy)
66
All the species we study have _________ uteruses?
Bicornuate
67
Pigs will ovulate from one or both ovaries?
Both, with concepti on both sides that must switch sides for her to maintain pregnancy
68
Cranial vagina is the site of ___________ for each species except the ________?
Semen deposition; pig
69
Velocity of ejaculation in the __________ is so powerful that is nearly bypasses the cervix?
Horse
70
Estrogen sources from ___________ and is highest in the ___________?
Follicle; tertiary follicle
71
With estrogen, the _________ cervix relaxes?
Mare
72
With __________, the cervix contracts in the cow, ewe, sow, bitch, and queen?
Estrogen
73
The _______ uterine horns form a T-shape since they're _________ relative to the uterine body (and don't curve back)?
Mare; short
74
The mare's cervix is unique because....?
It's not as rigid and has cervical folds
75
_________ have the largest ovaries of all the species?
Mares
76
The ________ anomaly is that the ovarian cortex and medulla are reversed?
Mare; the ovarian cortex is interior and the ovarian medulla is exterior
77
Since the follicle in the mare is smaller than the ovary, the follicle doesn't need to _______, it just needs to _________ and the _______ will migrate?
Move; soften; oocyte
78
What is the significance of the ovulation fossa?
Follicles moving through the medulla isn't possible in the mare, so they have an ovulation fossa, which is where mares MUST ovulate (other species don't have a specific location that they need to ovulate in)
79
When does the ovulation fossa form in the mare?
At 5-7 months of age
80
What are the ovarian structures (that inhabit the ovarian layers) in order of development?
- Primordial follicles
- primary follicles
- secondary follicles
- antral (tertiary) follicles
- corpora lutea
- corpora albicans
81
What is folliculogenesis?
The process by which follicles develop
82
Which ovarian structures are dominated by follicles?
Primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, and antral (tertiary) follicles
83
When does ovulation occur in relation to the ovarian structures?
Between antral (tertiary follicles) and corpora lutea
84
Which ovarian structures are towards the corpus luteum?
Corpora lutea and corpora albicans
85
True or false: in cycling animals, you will likely find all of the follicle types and depending on the stage of cycle, a CL.
True
86
True or false: there is a constant flow to follicular development.
True
87
In the bitch, the _________ is long relative to the _________.
vagina; vestibule
88
What happens to the sphincter and cervix after copulation in the bitch?
Sphincter contracts and cervix closes
89
The bitch's cervix is unique because.....?
It's very short with a finite tube and sphincter
90
The uterine horns in the bitch are shaped like.....?
A Y, and still kinda long
91
What are the antral follicle layer?
- theca externa
- theca interna
- granulosal ("membrane granulosa")
92
What is the function of the theca externa?
support
93
What is the function of the theca interna?
- androgen production
- respond to pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and produce testosterone
94
What is the function of the granulosal?
- respond to pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and convert testosterone to estrogen
- govern maturation of oocyte (completion of meiosis 1 in primordial follicle)
95
Where does LH and FSH source from?
pituitary
96
What is a primary difference between the cat and dog?
Vulva and rectum are very close together in the cat but not the dog
97
What is a primary difference between cats/dogs and other species?
Vagina extends past pelvic rim in dog and cat, but doesn't in other species unless they're pregnant
98
True or false: the primordial follicle doesn't listen to anything.
True
99
What is a dominant follicle?
The one(s) that win and are chosen to ovulate
100
What governs how many follicles become dominant?
Litter size; 1 dominant follicle in cow, but maybe 14 in pigs because they have litters
101
Which hormone is dominant: progesterone or estrogen?
Progesterone is dominant to estrogen
102
As fluid/size of the antral follicle increases, __________ production also increases.
Estrogen
103
True or false: antral follicles cannot die.
False
104
The ________ follicle includes 2 layers of cells.
secondary
105
The _________ follicle can "hear" the environment and either grows or dies.
Primary follicle
106
The __________ follicle doesn't do anything but hold gamete in suspended meiosis 1, so that body protects gametes from ____________; there is no interaction with the environment.
Primordial; DNA degredation
107
If DNA from birth gets degraded, the DNA ages too fast and can....?
Make it harder/impossible to reproduce
108
Why does the antral follicle grow in size?
Bc of the fluid-filled cavity
109
What happens to the basement membrane as the antral follicle grows in size?
Weakens bc of the pressure
110
When can the follicle be visualized for the first time? What does it look like?
As an antral follicle; a blister on the ovary
111
Tertiary = antral which = __________, but does not = ___________.
Graafian; dominant
112
If not pregnant, the CL goes away and becomes the _____________; the process restarts before it's ever known,
Corpus albicans
113
If pregnant, the ________ is maintained.
Corpus luteum
114
What is the corpus albicans?
"White body" that isn't functional to finish healing
115
When dominant antral follicles ovulate, the ______________ is formed
Corpus hemorrhagicum (bloody body)
116
What color is the CL?
yellow
117
After ovulation and healing, follicles remodel themselves to form ________.
CL
118
With the corpus hemorrhagicum, _________ is occurring because the release of the _______ is traumatic.
Healing; ovum
119
The most common cyst is ____________. What happens?
Follicular; 1 very large follicle in absence of other structures that becomes stagnant and can't receive nutrients, so there will won't be a cycle with almost constant heat
120
Too high of estrogen causes...?
Granulosa cell issue
121
Too high of testosterone causes...?
Thecal cell issue
122
True or false: the size that a follicle must attain to ovulate is the same in all species.
False; the size varies by species
123
Disorders of the ovary
- ovarian cysts (refusal to give up)
- polycystic ovaries (single offspring)
- ovarian tumors (common in horses)
124
What happens with a polycystic ovary?
Multiple follicles and the system can't work
125
What happens with ovarian tumors?
Accumulation of antral fluid, causing thecal and granulosa cell growth
126
Which species has the largest infundibulum?
the sow
127
What are the structures of the oviduct?
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
128
What does the uterine tubular junction do?
Prevents sperm from going up once fertilization occurs (in some species)
129
The infundibulum is the __________ and includes _______.
Catcher's mitt; fimbriae
130
The point of fertilization is where the _______ and _______ meet.
Ampulla; isthmus
131
What does the isthmus do?
Aids in transport of sperm and eventually embryos using muscular layer
132
What are the characteristics of the isthmus?
- smaller diameter
- more muscular
- less mucosal folds
133
Which structure of the oviduct is closest to the ovary?
ampulla
134
What are the characteristics of the ampulla?
- 50% or more
- large diameter
- mucosal folds
- ciliated epithelium
135
Why does the ampulla have mucosal folds and ciliated epithelium?
Bc it's responsible to move the gamete that can't move itself to the uterus
136
CL can be wherever ovulation occurs except for ________.
Mare (ovulation fossa)
137
True or false: there can be lots of follicles on board and still have a CL.
True; this is so that if the body needs to try again, follicles are ready
138
Pregnancy is initially housed in _______ and then expanded into _________.
Uterine horns; uterine body and uterine horns
139
What are the characteristics of a duplex tract?
- two cervices with own uterine horns
- single vagina but then it splits
- pregnancy delivered in between split vagina
- best for forked penis
140
What species has a duplex tract?
rabbit
141
What are the characteristics of a bicornuate tract?
- poorly to moderate developed uterine horns
- seen in the mare and cow
- tubular structures initially part of the urinary system and then fuse
142
In a bicornuate tract, good fusion of the tubular structures mean....?
A larger uterine body
143
The mare and cow both have a bicornuate uterus, but the ______ has a larger uterine body than the _______.
Mare; cow
144
Which species have highly developed uterine horns?
Bitch, queen, and sow
145
What are the characteristics of a simplex tract?
- no uterine horns
- large uterine body (complete fusion)
146
What is a species that has a simplex tract?
Humans
147
Estrogen in cow causes contraction in ___________ and secretions in _________; in the horse, the _______ occurs.
Myometrium; endometrium; exact opposite
148
Progesterone in cow causes _________ in myometrium; in the horse, the ________ occurs.
Relaxation; exact opposite
149
What are the barriers of the cervix for the cow and ewe?
Cervical rings
150
What are the barriers of the cervix for the pig?
Interdigitating prominences
151
What are the barriers of the cervix for the cat and dog?
spincter (singular cervical ring)
152
What are the barriers of the cervix for the cat and dog?
cervical folds
153
What do the uterine glands do?
Garner secretory materials that need to be made
154
What is the only species that has scarring in the caruncles from past pregnancies?
queen
155
Which species don't have caruncles?
mare and sow
156
What are the purposes of the vagina?
- copulatory organ
- common passageway for urine
- fetal expulsion point
157
The paramesonephric is the early ________ and becomes the _________.
Kidney; cranial vagina
158
True or false: the cranial vagina is pretty secretory, but not as much as the cervix.
True
159
The urogenital sinus is the ____________ and becomes the ___________.
Existing kidney and urinary system; Caudal (vestibule)
160
External genitalia is the.....?
1st line of defense
161
What are the structures of the external genitalia?
Vulva and perineum
162
What is the function of the external genitalia?
Protection of the reproductive tract
163
What is the serosal layer of the uterus? What does it do?
Perimetrium; protects and prevents adherence
164
What is the muscularis layer of the uterus? Does it respond well to hormones?
Myometrium; yes
165
What is the mucosal (secretion) and submucosal (support) layer of the uterus? Does it respond well to hormones?
Endometrium; yes
166
What nuances do ruminants (cow/ewe) have in differing animal tracts?
- very little uterine body
- small cervix
167
What is the infundibulum referred to as?
catchers mitt
168
What are the ovary's two parts?`
follicle and corpus luteum
169
Where does fertilization occur? What does this transport?
oviduct and female and male gamete
170
What is the cervix referred to as?
the gatekeeper
171
What does the cervix connect?
the outer and inner portion of the reproductive system
172
What are the layers/parts of the vagina?
Vestibule (Ve) and Cranial Vagina (CV)
173
EUB stands for?
external uterine biphorix
174
What is the fornix vagina?
a 360 blind couch that goes around the cervix
175
What animal has and doesn't have a fornix vagina?
Cow/Ewe does but Sow does not
176
What nuances does the sow have in differing animal tracts?
- corkscrew penis
- no fornix vagina
- long uterine horns
- long cervix
177
Larger uterine horns = more of what? Why?
more offspring cause need for more space
178
What nuances do mares have in differing animal tracts?
- rigidity of cervix
- large uterine body
- biggest ovaries
179
What nuances do the dog and cat have?
- long cervix
- more simplified reproduction than other species.
180
U shape UH? V shape UH
Dog and Cat`
181
EUB stands for?
External Uterine Biphoreation
182
Where is the oocyte contained before maturity?
follicle
183
What produces progesterone? What produces estrogen?
Corpus luteum and follicle
184
What are the layers of the ovaries?
- Tunica albuginea (outer connective tissue layer)
- ovarian cortex
- ovarian medulla
185
What lies above the tunica albuginea?
the germinal epithelium (layer of cells)
186
What does the ovarian cortex house?
oocytes
187
What do the cells around the oocytes in the ovarian cortex produce/develop?
follicles
188
How many female gametes do follicles house
1
189
Where does ovulation occur in most animals?
random locations
190
Where does ovulation occur in mares?
ovulation fossa
191
What is reversed in mares for ovary structure?
ovarian cortex and medulla
192
What is the ovarian medulla and what does it house?
central part and houses vasculature, nerves, and the lymphatics
193
What are the development stages in follicular development?
1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Antral (tertiary) follicle
5. Antral (dominant) follicle
194
What follicle is selected for ovulation?
Antral (dominant) follicle
195
True or False: There is a constant flow to follicular development meaning all stages are present at the same time.
True
196
What are the antral follicle layers? What do they do?
- theca externa -> support
- theca Interna` -> androgen production/pituitary LH
- granulosal -> pituitary FSH/govern maturation of oocyte
197
Ovum is stored where?
oocyte
198
What color is the corpus homorrhagicum?
bright red
199
What happens to the Corpus luteum in follicular development?
stays if pregnant, leaves if not
200
Ovary disorders include?
- ovarian cysts
- polycystic ovaries
- ovarian tumors (common in horses)
201
Granulosa cells bind___ and relate to ___ production.
FSH; estrogen
202
Thecal cells binds ____, relates to ____ production.
LH; testosterone
203
What is oviduct purpose?
capture oocyte, site of fertilization, ovulation
204
What are the structures within the oviduct? What are these?
- Infundibulum -> catchers mitt
- ampulla -> 50% or more
- isthmus -> smaller, more muscular part
205
What are the uterine types based on horn development/different types of Uterine?
-duplex (no uterine body) -> rabittes
- bicornuate -> cow/mare
- simplex (single UB) -> humans
- highly developed horns -> bitch, queen, sow
206
What are the three components of the uterus?
- Perimetrium (serosa)
- myometrium (muscularis)
- endometrium (mucosa and submucosa)
207
What are the functions of the cervix?
lubrication, flushing system, barrier (gatekeeper)
208
What are the types of cervix?
Folds and rings
209
Cranial vagina is moving ____ and the vestibule is moving ___.
in; out
210
Primary role of the vagina?
copulatory organ
211
The external genitalia is what?
the opening of the vagina (vulva)
