Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What does reproductive cyclicity provide females with?
A
repeated chances for pregnancy
2
Q
What are the two type of reproductive cycles?
A
estrous and menstrual cycle
3
Q
When does the female enter the estrous cycle/occur?
A
after puberty/between successive periods of sexual receptivity
4
Q
What interrups cyclicity?
A
pregnancy, nursing, the season of the year, inadequate nutrition, stressful environmental conditions, pathologic conditions - uterin infection, mummified fetus
5
Q
When does estrous cycles start and end?
A
estrus (heat) and the subsequent next estrus
6
Q
What are periods of time when estrous cycles cease/cyclicity stops called?
A
anestrus (pregnancy occurs)
7
Q
What happens if conception from copulation doesn’t occur?
A
another estrous cycle begins
8
Q
When does anestrus end?
A
after parturition (giving birth), uterine involution, and lactation
9
Q
Estrual?
A
female in estrus
10
Q
How does the word season describe a reproductive cycle?
A
several estrous cycles that occur during a certain season of the year (cyclicity)
11
Q
Adjective is spelled with what?
A
ous
12
Q
Noun is spelled with what?
A
us
13
Q
What are the three types of estrous cyclicity?
A
polyestrous, seasonally polyestrous, monoestrus
14
Q
What are estrous cycles categorized by?
A
the frequency of occurrence throughout the year
15
Q
Polyestrus animals are?
A
Cattle, swine, rodents
16
Q
Seasonal polyestrus animals are?
A
sheep, goats, mares, deer, and elk
17
Q
Monoestrus animals are?
A
dogs, wolfs, foxes, bears
18
Q
Polyestrus cycle type?
A
a uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the year
19
Q
Two types of seasonal polyestrus cycles?
A
short and long day breeders
20
Q
Seasonal polyestrus type?
A
cluster of estrous cycles that occur only during a certain season of the year
21
Q
Short day breeder animals?
A
sheep and goats
22
Q
Short day breeders cycle when?
A
autumn breeding season
23
Q
Long-day breeder animals?
A
mare
24
Q
Long-day breeders cycle when?
A
spring breeding season
25
Monoestrus cycle type?
one estrous cycle per year
26
Monoestrus cycle last serveral days? True or False.
True
27
What are the two major phases of the estrous cycle?
follicular and luteal phase
28
follicular phase occurs when/how much of estrous cycle?
the period of the regression of corpora lutea to ovulation (20%)
29
luteal phase occurs when/how much of estrous cycle?
from ovulation until corpora lutea regression (80%)`
30
What is the primary ovarian structure of the follicular phase?
large antral follicles
31
What is the primary hormone secreted by these follicles?
estradiol
32
What is the primary ovarian structures of the luteal phase?
corpora lutea
33
What is the primary hormone secreted by the corpora lutea?
progesterone
34
What other four phases can estrous be divided into that are subdivision of the two major ones?
proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus
35
Follicular phase subdivisions?
proestrus + estrus
36
Luteal phase subdivisions?
metestrus + diestrus
37
Proestrus is what?
a period immediately preceding (before) estrus
38
Ovulation happens when?
After follicular phase, before luteal phase
39
Proestrus starts and ends when?
when progesterone declines due to luteolysis (destruction of the corpus luteum)
ends when onset of estrus starts
40
Proestrus has what major endocrine transition?
high progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance
41
What hormones are responsible for proestrus transition?
pituitary gonadotropins, FSH, and LH
42
What does it mean when the female's willingness to accept the male increases?
standing estrus
43
mating posture occurs during standing estrus?
lordosis
44
What is the dominant hormone during the estrus stage?
estradiol
45
What is the most recognizable stage of the estrous cycle due to its visible behavioral symptoms such as mating and sexual receptivity?
estrus
46
What examples of female showing sexual receptivity?
locomotion, phonation, and mounting attempts
47
What stage of estrous forms the corpus luteum?
metestrus
48
What period is metestrus between?
ovulation and formation of the corpora lutea
49
What transition happens in regards to hormone dominance during the metestrus?
estradiol to progesterone
50
What forms during metestrus?
the corpus luteum (corpora lutea) via luteinization
51
What is the longest stage of the estrous cycle?
diestrus
52
What is fully functional during diestrus?
CL
53
When does diestrus end?
when the CL is destroyed (luteolysis)
54
What causes estradiol secretion?
the secretion of gonadotropins FSH and LH courtesy of. the GnRH neurons firing to release GnRH at high quantitites
55
What is the different estrous cycle stage sequence for the bitch?
anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus
56
What signals the onset of proestrus for the bitch?
drop in blood FSH and vaginal discharge
57
What signals the onset of estrus during the proestrus phase for the bitch?
estradiol peak
58
What decreases during estrus for the bitch?
estradiol, FSH, and LH
59
What increases during the latter part of estrus?
progesterone
60
What occurs during estrus for the bitch?
ovulation and fertilization
61
What are pregnant bitches considered in?
diestrus
62
What are the stages of the estrous cycle?
proestrus, estrus, postestrus, diestrus and anestrus
63
What is the difference between true anestrus and apparent anestrus?
insufficient hormonal stimuli (GnRH release) and failure to recognize pregnancy/estrus
64
What can anestrus be caused by?
pregnancy, lactation, presence of offspring, seasons, stree
65
What certain breed will show estrous behavior during pregnancy?
sheep
66
If copulation doesn't occur during estrus what phase does the queen enter?
postestrus
67
What is the purpose of seasonal anestrus?
preventing females from conceiving during periods of the year when survival probability of neonate is low.
68
What controls the transition of seasonal breeder from cyclic state to anestrus state?
photoperiod
69
When ovulation is not preceded or accompanied by behavioral estrus, what is this referred to?
silent ovulation
70
Is the first ovulation after seasonal anestrus accompanied by a behavioral estrus?
no
71
What happens after seasonal anestrus?
developing follicle ovulates through slent ovulation
72
What does the progesterone from the Cl of the ovulating follicle do?
prime the brain
73
After this priming, what causes the first behavioral estrus?
estradiol
74
What are the two primary factors that influence the onset of the breeding season?
photoperiod (day length) and temperature
75
Review the figure 7-7 on pg. 150
Done
76
What are the RFRP-3 neurons derived from?
RF - amide-related proteins
R - amino acid arginine
P - amino acid phenylalanine
77
How does RFRP-3 affect long-day breeders?
stimulates groupings of kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus and they secrete high levels of kisspeptin-10 that will act on the GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin release and start the cycle.
78
How does RFRP-3 affect short-day breeders?
RFRP-3 inhibits kisspeptin neurons which thus reduces the secretion of kisspeptin-10 and the action on GnRH neurons to stimulate FSH and LH release.
79
What do females nursing their young experience?
lactational anestrus
80
What animals don't experience lactational anestrus?
alpaca and mare
81
What number of suckling sessions per day causes anestrus?
greater than 2
82
What type of effect does suckling operate in?
a threshold manner, not a continuum
83
Is mammery stimulation totally responsible for lactational anestrus?
no
84
What is the evidence that neural stimulation of the mammary gland does not inhibit gonadotropin release in the cow?
Intact cow and mammary denervated (transection of the nerves to the mammary gland) cow both have the same LH patterns when ad liberal suckling happens
85
What are the factors that may be the reasons for the inhibition of GnRH during the postpartum period (lactational anestrus)?
visual (sight), olfactory (smell), auditory (sound) encounters with offspring
86
Does lactational anestrus technically exist in the bitch?
no
87
What can result from a negative energy/protein balance in females?
sustained periods of anestrus (nutritional anestrus)
88
What are primiparous females and what is common with them when they receive inadequate nutrition?
given birth for the first time and prolonged lactational anestrus
89
What is the most difficult to manage from a reproductive standpoint?
primiparous females
90
What are menses?
menstruation (menstrual periods) that is defined as the sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior
91
How much does the follicular phase occupy during the menstrual cycle?
50%
92
in a menstrual cycle?
in the middle of the cycle
93
How do we define the menstrual cycle?
events betw`een the onset of two successive menstural periods
94
Follicular phase means>
follicle development
95
How long do menses, proliferative, and secretory phases last?
5 days, 9 days, 14 days
96
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
follicular and luteal phase
97
What do the proliferative and secretory phases bring?
an increase in the thickness of the endometrium due to estradiol and progesterone from the CL
98
What initiates another menstrual period?
luteolysis
99
What is the human equivalent of anestrus?
amenorrhea
100
What can cause amenorrhea?
menopause, low nutritional intake, lactation
101
What is menopause?
depletion of follicles within hte ovary that secrete estradiol and progesterone after ovulation
102
What is cyclicity driven by?
ovarian steroids
103
What type of people experience amenorrhea often?
female marathon runners
104
What is absent in amenorrhea?
menses
105
Are nutritional aspects important when it comes to cyclicity?
yes
106
What are places that experience retardation of cyclicity more than others?
India and Sri Lanka
107
What is the physiologic mechanism causing lactational amenorrhea?
high prolactin
108
Do women that are not lactating begin menstruating sooner than lactating women?
yes
109
is delayed in postpartum women even without suckling stimulus due to what sensory inputs?
tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory
110
Review Table 7-2, pg, 156
done
111
suckling is what?
teat stimulation
