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Reproduction > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What three phases does the luteal phase consist of?

A

1) luteinization (formation of the CL)
2) synthesis and secretion of large quantities of progesterone
3) luteolysis

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2
Q

How long is the luteal phase?

A

ovulation to luteolysis of the CL

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3
Q

What phases does the luteal phase consist of?

A

diestrus and metestrus

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4
Q

What is the dominant ovarian hormone of the luteal phase?

A

progesterone

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5
Q

Trend of progesterone during luteal phase?

A

ovulation -> progesterone begins to rise -> reaches maximum secretion in diestrus -> decrease in luteolysis

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6
Q

What is the bloody hemorrhagic appearance in the ovary that happens to rupture at ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

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7
Q

Progesterone secretion and CL size align together in diestrus?

A

yes

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8
Q

What does a regressed corpus luteum become?

A

corpus albicans (white body)

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9
Q

What does the luteal phase immediately begin after?

A

ovulation

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10
Q

What does the corpus luteum originate from?

A

An ovulatory follicle

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11
Q

What two things are involved in luteinization transformation?

A

theca interna and granulosal cells

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12
Q

What is the luteinization process?

A

where cells of the ovulatory follicle are transformed into luteal tissue

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13
Q

What is the luteal tissue formation governed?

A

LH

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14
Q

What is the process of luteinization?

A

1) no more separation of cells
2) mixing together of cells

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15
Q

What is the exception of mixing cells together in?

A

women and where the mixing is actually distinct islets.

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16
Q

Large luteal cells originate from what?

A

granulosal cells

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17
Q

Small luteal cells originate from what?

A

theca interna cells

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18
Q

What do large luteal cells contain?

A

secretory granules that have oxytocin and relaxin

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19
Q

What are small and large luteal cells called?

A

steroidogenic (produce steroids -> progesterone)

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20
Q

What animal is it hard to tell is the CL is present?

A

Mare

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21
Q

What is luteolytic agent to induce estrus and ovulation?

A

F2a

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22
Q

What can an increase in size and weight of the corpus luteam be related too?

A

increase in volume (3x) of large luteal cells and increase in number (5x) of small luteal cells

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23
Q

What is it when large luteal cells increase in size?

A

hypertrophy

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24
Q

What is it when small luteal cells increase in cells number?

A

hyperplasia

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25
Q

What does the vigor of the corpus luteum depend on?

A

the number of luteal cells and degree to which the CL becomes vascularized

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26
Q

Insufficient luteal function means what?

A

poor progesterone synthesis and secretion

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27
Q

What are the primary target organs for the progesterone?

A

hypothalamus, uterus, and mammary gland

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28
Q

What are the two uterus target components?

A

glandular endometrium and muscular myometrium

29
Q

After the conceptrus enters the uterine lumen, what is it called?

A

free-floating

30
Q

What glands does progesterone stimulate secretion?

A

endometrial glands

31
Q

What is an important inhibitory role of progesterone?

A

reduce motility (contractions) of the myometrium

32
Q

What still happens in mares in terms of contractions?

A

contraction of the myometrium to transport conceptus around uterine lumen

33
Q

What does progesterone secretion require?

A

Cholesterol and LH

34
Q

What does progesterone exert?

A

negative feedback on the hypothalamus (GnRH secretion)

35
Q

What does this progesterone negative feedback do?

A

reduces pulse frequency in the tonic center of GnRH

36
Q

Progesterone is an inhibitor because?

A

1) it reduces GnRH pulse frequency
2) prevents behavioral estrus
3) stops the preovulatory LH surge
4) reduces myometrial tone (not in mare)

37
Q

What hormone is inducing luteolysis?

A

PGF2a

38
Q

Luteolysis is what?

A

Loss of progesterone secretion by the CL and structural integrity

39
Q

What is PGF2a secreted by?

A

uterine endometrium

40
Q

What inhibits GnRH secretion?

A

progesterone

41
Q

What is uterectomy?

A

removal of the uterus to sustain CL for longer period of time (148 days period)

42
Q

What positive influence is progesterone exerted on?

A

endometrium of the uterus

43
Q

Why is the uterus required?

A

for successful luteolysis

44
Q

What must the uterine be near?

A

the ovary

45
Q

What allows for PGF2a to be transported?

A

a vascular countercurrent transport system (exchange mechanism) to the ovary

46
Q

Does the systemic circulation have dilute?

A

no

47
Q

How is the PGF2a transported?

A

across the wall of the utero-ovarian vein and into the blood of the ovarian artery with help of a prostaglandin transport protein

48
Q

What is not present in the mare?

A

the countercurrent transport system cause the mare doesn’t metabolize PGF2a as rapidly as other species and the CL is also more sensitive to PGF2a

49
Q

What type of levels does PGF2a have compared to progesterone during late diestrus and proestrus?

A

the opposite

50
Q

What would happen if there was not a vacular countercurrent exchange system?

A

most PGF2a would get denatured during 1 circulatory pass in the pulmonary system

51
Q

What are the requirements for luteolysis?

A

1) presence of oxytocin receptors on endometrial cells
2) presence of a critical level of oxytocin
3) PGF2a synthesis by the endometrium

52
Q

What does progesterone block at first?

A

formation of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

53
Q

What does progesterone prevent from being secreted?

A

PGF2a

54
Q

How long in the estrous cycle does progesterone prevent PGF2a after exposure from being secreted

A

12-14 days

55
Q

When does PGF2a start being secreted in the estrous cycle?

A

days 15-17

56
Q

What starts forming after progesterone loses it blocking capability?

A

oxytocin receptors (binding)

57
Q

What type of relationship do oxytocin and PGF2a have?

A

positive feedback (one occurs and then the other occurs)

58
Q

What is also increasing as progesterone decreases?

A

estrogen

59
Q

What initiates PGF2a secretion?

A

oxytocin binding

60
Q

What do immune cells secrete?

A

cytokines (ex. interferons)

61
Q

What do cytokines trigger?

A

apoptosis

62
Q

Do uterectomy in women influence cyclicity?

A

no

63
Q

Administration of progesterone can do what?

A

align estrus cycles of large groups of females for fertility (higher pregnancy rates), in women it is intended to block ovulation and minimize pregnancy chance

64
Q

CIDR is what?

A

Controlled Internal Drug Release for progesterone via intravaginal

65
Q

Figure 9-13 page 196

A

yes

66
Q

What are two methods to synchronize ovulation in cows?

A

Ovsynch and Presynch

67
Q

How long is elephants estrous and gestation cycles?

A

16 weeks and 22 months

68
Q

What species CL does not develop if copulation does not occur?

A

rodents

69
Q

What animals luteal phase is longer than pregnancy?

A

Kangaroo

Reproduction (11 decks)

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