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Reproduction > Chapter 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sperm needs to traverse what?

A

cervix. uterus, oviduct

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2
Q

The cervix involves _________ pathways, removal of _______ sperm, and removal of some _______

A

privileged pathways, non - motile; abnormalities

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3
Q

Capacitation is initiated in the _____ and is completed by the ______

A

uterus and oviduct

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4
Q

Phagocytosis happens in the…

A

uterus

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5
Q

In the oviduct, sperm have _________ motility

A

hyperactive

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6
Q

What are the semen fractions?

A

Accessory sex gland fluid, high sperm concentration, and reduce retrograde loss

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7
Q

Retrograde loss involves high ________ content to semen

A

gelatinous

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8
Q

With phagocytosis, under influence of Estrogen, neutrophils __________ in the tract

A

sequester

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9
Q

What increases the lifespan of sperm in sustained phase?

A

Them docking at the epithelium of lower isthmus

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10
Q

What are the 2 mucosal types?

A

Sialomucin and sulfomucin

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11
Q

Why is there mucus when sperm are navigating the cervix?

A

elevated estrogen

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12
Q

Which mucosal type is the privileged pathway? Why?

A

Sialomucin bc it has low viscosity so sperm can move easy

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13
Q

Maximum fertility is only achieved after…

A

Time in the female repro tract

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14
Q

Capacitation involves spermatozoal _______ that allow them to become ______

A

Changes; fertile

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15
Q

What are the changes during capacitation?

A

Remove cholesterol, membrane permeability, and tail activation

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16
Q

What is a caveat of Capacitation?

A

Process can be reversed by seminal process (accessory sex glands re-add protective layer) and capacitation has to be restarted

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17
Q

_______ removes the protective layer from head of sperm

A

capacitation

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18
Q

With sustained phase, when sperm reach the oviduct, ________ is usually complete

A

capacitation

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19
Q

Why do sperm move hyperactively in the oviduct?

A

To increase likelihood of contact with female gamete

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20
Q

Binding to the zone pellucida of oocyte initiates…

A

fertilization/acrosomal reaction thanks to specific proteins on the spermatozoal plasma membrane

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21
Q

Zona is made of 3 glycoproteins?

A

ZP1 (structural), ZP2 (structural), ZP3 (receptor for spermatozoal membrane)

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22
Q

The _________ is the fusion of spermatozoal plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane

A

acrosomal reaction

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction?

A

allow sperm to penetrate zona and fuse with plasma membrane

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24
Q

What are the steps of the acrosomal reaction?

A

Vesiculation, acrosomal contents are dispersed, acrosomal enzymes digest zona pellucida, and the tail constantly moving to maintain contact with zona

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25
Q

Digestion of zona pellucida by acrosomal enzymes allows entry of the male gamete into the _________ so it can then get to female genetic material

A

Perivitelline space

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26
Q

Sperm are engulfed with?

A

sperm oocyte fusion

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27
Q

Proteins are ______ during acrosomal reaction

A

relocalized

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28
Q

The ________ is an organizing center for molecular complexes for gamete interaction and fusion

A

equatorial segment

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29
Q

When is the sperm/oocyte fusion protein active?

A

only after acrosomal reaction

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30
Q

The ________ is an organizing center for molecular complexes for gamete interaction and fusion

A

Equatorial segment

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31
Q

What is the first step in prep for embryogenesis?

A

Corticol reaction

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32
Q

Where do cortical granules come from?

A

Meiotic divisions of oogenesis

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33
Q

Corticol granules go thru ______ following fusion, creating the ______

A

exocytosis and zona block

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34
Q

The zona block prevents?

A

polyspermy

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35
Q

If the Corticol reaction creates the vitelline block, but what does it do?

A

prevent future fusions

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36
Q

What are the 2 possible blocks that sperm can have either/both?

A

zona block and vitelline block

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37
Q

The nucleus of the male that has remained inert must ________ to allow for male chromosomes to pair up with female ________, and _______ cross links formed in the epididymis are removed

A

Decondense; pronucleus; disulfide

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38
Q

What is syngamy? What does this signify?

A

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei; fertilization is complete

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39
Q

Longer period of fertile receptivity gives longer period of time for _______ which gives rise to ________

A

Fertilization; superfecundation

40
Q

Generally _______ gametes have shorter lifespans than ______ gametes

A

female; male

41
Q

What is a conceptus?

A

entire time during gestation

42
Q

What is an embryo? What is a fetus?

A

pre-attachment (free floating); attachment to uterine environment

43
Q

Once we get to ___ cells, we can’t count them and they’re called _______

A

32; morula (usually in uterus)

44
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

any cell removed would form a new being (important in cloning)

45
Q

Inner and outer cells pump in ______ and _____ right behind it, and both inner and outer cells get pushed to the wall. What is the structure called?

A

Sodium; water; blastocyst

46
Q

Outer cells form ______

A

trophoblast (cells that become placenta)

47
Q

Inner cells form ______

A

inner cell mass (becomes embryo)

48
Q

When the zona is removed, what is the structure called?

A

Hatched blastocyst

49
Q

What is the purpose of maternal recognition?

A

To avoid destruction of CL

50
Q

How many touches does a mare need for an appropriate maternal recognition signal?

A

10-14/24 hrs

51
Q

A ________ completely relies on the uterine environment

A

Hatched blastocyst

52
Q

Pronuclei undergo ________ and the structures are called _____

A

Mitiotic divisions; blastomeres

53
Q

________ don’t have nearly the degree of seasonality as ________ do

A

males; females

54
Q

Following deposition of sperm, there’s a ________ in number and _____ pathway ahead.

A

Decrease; long

55
Q

After deposition, sperm undergo ________ transport and are ________.

A

Retrograde; phagocytized

56
Q

With immediate transport, sperm have _________ loss and enter into the _______.

A

Retrograde; cervix/uterus

57
Q

Which species ejaculate in the cranial vagina?

A

Cow, sheep, dog, cat

58
Q

Which species directly deposits semen into cervix?

A

Pig (large volume)

59
Q

Which species forcibly propels semen into cervix?

A

Horse (jets)

60
Q

The ______ gains access to uterine lumen with its strong force.

A

Horse

61
Q

Dog involves ________ fraction surges and the ______ to keep the pressure.

A

Third; tie/copulatory lock

62
Q

Retrograde loss may involve a….

A

Vaginal plug (not most domestic species)

63
Q

__________ loss involves remaining pressure/blockage in copulatory activities

A

Retrograde

64
Q

There is a fairly rapid response with _______ so it can get the slow sperm

A

Phagocytosis

65
Q

Neutrophil numbers are highest during….

A

Insemination

66
Q

What is the goal of the female?

A

To retain good spermatozoa only in few minutes

67
Q

What are the 2 phases that sperm can move in?

A

Rapid phase and sustained phase

68
Q

Sperm moving in the ________ phase likely don’t have enough time for capacitation and aren’t viable.

A

Rapid

69
Q

How is movement retained in the rapid phase? Why is it retained?

A

Estrogen (female), PGF2alpha and PGE (semen), and cranial and caudal movement; to further aid in movement of male gamete

70
Q

Sperm moving in the _______ phase are delivered in a trickle effect from crevix and UTJ, and dock at the epithelium of the lower isthmus.

A

Sustained

71
Q

Which species have cervical grooves?

A

Cow, ewe, and mare (to some extent)

72
Q

Sailomucin have ______ viscosity, while sulfomucin have ______ viscosity which often traps sperm.

A

Low; high

73
Q

Sialomucin are located….

A

Within the deeper channels or crypts of the cervix.

74
Q

Sulfomucin are located….

A

In the epithelium covering the folds of the cervix

75
Q

Capacitation site varies between _______ and time frame varies btw ______.

A

Species; spermatozoa (hours)

76
Q

What is a caveat of Capacitation?

A

Process can be reversed by seminal process (accessory sex glands re-add protective layer) and capacitation has to be restarted

77
Q

Binding to the zone pellucida requires…

A

Specific proteins on the spermatozoal plasma membrane (exposed during capacitation)

78
Q

What are the 2 spermatozoal binding sites on ZP3?

A

primary zona binding region and acrosome reaction promoting ligand

79
Q

The _________ is the fusion of spermatozoal plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane.

A

Acrosomal reaction

80
Q

Digestion of zona pellucida by acrosomal enzymes allows entry of the male gamete into the _________ so it can then get to female genetic material.

A

Perivitelline space

81
Q

T or F: digestion of the zona is extensive.

A

F; it’s small and the remainder of the zona stays intact

82
Q

Plasma membrane of ______ fuses with _______ segment of sperm

A

Oocyte; equatorial

83
Q

The fertile period varies between…

A

Species

84
Q

For most species, copulatory frequency ________ change fertility.

A

Does not

85
Q

What is a fetus?

A

Attached; looks like its species

86
Q

Cells group together into _____ cells and _______ cells. Are they still totipotent? Why/why not?

A

Outer; inner; no; they have diff responsibilities

87
Q

Why is it needed to leave the zona?

A

Bc conceptus eventually needs to interact with the uterine environment?

88
Q

What is required to leave the zona?

A

Pumping in of fluid to thin zona, trophoblast cells secreting enzymes to break down zona, and conceptus starting to contract to erode zona

89
Q

There is a period of ______ as a hatched blastocyst.

A

Monumental growth

90
Q

How maternal recognition happens varies between….

A

species

91
Q

What is the maternal recognition factor in the cow and sheep?

A

IFNt which stops estrogen and oxytocin receptors from increasing

92
Q

What is the maternal recognition factor in the sow?

A

Estrogen produced by conceptus, which forces PGF2alpha to go into the uterine lumen

93
Q

The _______ allows PGF2alpha to be produced but she reroutes it, while the ______ inhibits receptors for PGF2alpha production

A

Sow; cow/ewe

94
Q

What is the maternal recognition factor in the mare.

A

Tactile stimulation facilitated by estrogen (and decreased PGF2alpha)

95
Q

Maternal recognition must happen before…

A

Luteolysis

Reproduction (11 decks)

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