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Reproduction > Chapter 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sperm needs to traverse what?

A

cervix. uterus, oviduct

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2
Q

The cervix involves _________ pathways, removal of _______ sperm, and removal of some _______

A

privileged pathways, non - motile; abnormalities

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3
Q

Capacitation is initiated in the _____ and is completed by the ______

A

uterus and oviduct

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4
Q

Phagocytosis happens in the…

A

uterus

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5
Q

In the oviduct, sperm have _________ motility

A

hyperactive

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6
Q

What are the semen fractions?

A

Accessory sex gland fluid, high sperm concentration, and reduce retrograde loss

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7
Q

Retrograde loss involves high ________ content to semen

A

gelatinous

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8
Q

With phagocytosis, under influence of Estrogen, neutrophils __________ in the tract

A

sequester

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9
Q

What increases the lifespan of sperm in sustained phase?

A

Them docking at the epithelium of lower isthmus

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10
Q

What are the 2 mucosal types?

A

Sialomucin and sulfomucin

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11
Q

Why is there mucus when sperm are navigating the cervix?

A

elevated estrogen

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12
Q

Which mucosal type is the privileged pathway? Why?

A

Sialomucin bc it has low viscosity so sperm can move easy

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13
Q

Maximum fertility is only achieved after…

A

Time in the female repro tract

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14
Q

Capacitation involves spermatozoal _______ that allow them to become ______

A

Changes; fertile

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15
Q

What are the changes during capacitation?

A

Remove cholesterol, membrane permeability, and tail activation

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16
Q

What is a caveat of Capacitation?

A

Process can be reversed by seminal process (accessory sex glands re-add protective layer) and capacitation has to be restarted

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17
Q

_______ removes the protective layer from head of sperm

A

capacitation

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18
Q

With sustained phase, when sperm reach the oviduct, ________ is usually complete

A

capacitation

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19
Q

Why do sperm move hyperactively in the oviduct?

A

To increase likelihood of contact with female gamete

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20
Q

Binding to the zone pellucida of oocyte initiates…

A

fertilization/acrosomal reaction thanks to specific proteins on the spermatozoal plasma membrane

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21
Q

Zona is made of 3 glycoproteins?

A

ZP1 (structural), ZP2 (structural), ZP3 (receptor for spermatozoal membrane)

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22
Q

The _________ is the fusion of spermatozoal plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane

A

acrosomal reaction

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction?

A

allow sperm to penetrate zona and fuse with plasma membrane

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24
Q

What are the steps of the acrosomal reaction?

A

Vesiculation, acrosomal contents are dispersed, acrosomal enzymes digest zona pellucida, and the tail constantly moving to maintain contact with zona

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25
Digestion of zona pellucida by acrosomal enzymes allows entry of the male gamete into the _________ so it can then get to female genetic material
Perivitelline space
26
Sperm are engulfed with?
sperm oocyte fusion
27
Proteins are ______ during acrosomal reaction
relocalized
28
The ________ is an organizing center for molecular complexes for gamete interaction and fusion
equatorial segment
29
When is the sperm/oocyte fusion protein active?
only after acrosomal reaction
30
The ________ is an organizing center for molecular complexes for gamete interaction and fusion
Equatorial segment
31
What is the first step in prep for embryogenesis?
Corticol reaction
32
Where do cortical granules come from?
Meiotic divisions of oogenesis
33
Corticol granules go thru ______ following fusion, creating the ______
exocytosis and zona block
34
The zona block prevents?
polyspermy
35
If the Corticol reaction creates the vitelline block, but what does it do?
prevent future fusions
36
What are the 2 possible blocks that sperm can have either/both?
zona block and vitelline block
37
The nucleus of the male that has remained inert must ________ to allow for male chromosomes to pair up with female ________, and _______ cross links formed in the epididymis are removed
Decondense; pronucleus; disulfide
38
What is syngamy? What does this signify?
Fusion of the male and female pronuclei; fertilization is complete
39
Longer period of fertile receptivity gives longer period of time for _______ which gives rise to ________
Fertilization; superfecundation
40
Generally _______ gametes have shorter lifespans than ______ gametes
female; male
41
What is a conceptus?
entire time during gestation
42
What is an embryo? What is a fetus?
pre-attachment (free floating); attachment to uterine environment
43
Once we get to ___ cells, we can't count them and they're called _______
32; morula (usually in uterus)
44
What does totipotent mean?
any cell removed would form a new being (important in cloning)
45
Inner and outer cells pump in ______ and _____ right behind it, and both inner and outer cells get pushed to the wall. What is the structure called?
Sodium; water; blastocyst
46
Outer cells form ______
trophoblast (cells that become placenta)
47
Inner cells form ______
inner cell mass (becomes embryo)
48
When the zona is removed, what is the structure called?
Hatched blastocyst
49
What is the purpose of maternal recognition?
To avoid destruction of CL
50
How many touches does a mare need for an appropriate maternal recognition signal?
10-14/24 hrs
51
A ________ completely relies on the uterine environment
Hatched blastocyst
52
Pronuclei undergo ________ and the structures are called _____
Mitiotic divisions; blastomeres
53
________ don't have nearly the degree of seasonality as ________ do
males; females
54
Following deposition of sperm, there's a ________ in number and _____ pathway ahead.
Decrease; long
55
After deposition, sperm undergo ________ transport and are ________.
Retrograde; phagocytized
56
With immediate transport, sperm have _________ loss and enter into the _______.
Retrograde; cervix/uterus
57
Which species ejaculate in the cranial vagina?
Cow, sheep, dog, cat
58
Which species directly deposits semen into cervix?
Pig (large volume)
59
Which species forcibly propels semen into cervix?
Horse (jets)
60
The ______ gains access to uterine lumen with its strong force.
Horse
61
Dog involves ________ fraction surges and the ______ to keep the pressure.
Third; tie/copulatory lock
62
Retrograde loss may involve a....
Vaginal plug (not most domestic species)
63
__________ loss involves remaining pressure/blockage in copulatory activities
Retrograde
64
There is a fairly rapid response with _______ so it can get the slow sperm
Phagocytosis
65
Neutrophil numbers are highest during....
Insemination
66
What is the goal of the female?
To retain good spermatozoa only in few minutes
67
What are the 2 phases that sperm can move in?
Rapid phase and sustained phase
68
Sperm moving in the ________ phase likely don't have enough time for capacitation and aren't viable.
Rapid
69
How is movement retained in the rapid phase? Why is it retained?
Estrogen (female), PGF2alpha and PGE (semen), and cranial and caudal movement; to further aid in movement of male gamete
70
Sperm moving in the _______ phase are delivered in a trickle effect from crevix and UTJ, and dock at the epithelium of the lower isthmus.
Sustained
71
Which species have cervical grooves?
Cow, ewe, and mare (to some extent)
72
Sailomucin have ______ viscosity, while sulfomucin have ______ viscosity which often traps sperm.
Low; high
73
Sialomucin are located....
Within the deeper channels or crypts of the cervix.
74
Sulfomucin are located....
In the epithelium covering the folds of the cervix
75
Capacitation site varies between _______ and time frame varies btw ______.
Species; spermatozoa (hours)
76
What is a caveat of Capacitation?
Process can be reversed by seminal process (accessory sex glands re-add protective layer) and capacitation has to be restarted
77
Binding to the zone pellucida requires...
Specific proteins on the spermatozoal plasma membrane (exposed during capacitation)
78
What are the 2 spermatozoal binding sites on ZP3?
primary zona binding region and acrosome reaction promoting ligand
79
The _________ is the fusion of spermatozoal plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane.
Acrosomal reaction
80
Digestion of zona pellucida by acrosomal enzymes allows entry of the male gamete into the _________ so it can then get to female genetic material.
Perivitelline space
81
T or F: digestion of the zona is extensive.
F; it's small and the remainder of the zona stays intact
82
Plasma membrane of ______ fuses with _______ segment of sperm
Oocyte; equatorial
83
The fertile period varies between...
Species
84
For most species, copulatory frequency ________ change fertility.
Does not
85
What is a fetus?
Attached; looks like its species
86
Cells group together into _____ cells and _______ cells. Are they still totipotent? Why/why not?
Outer; inner; no; they have diff responsibilities
87
Why is it needed to leave the zona?
Bc conceptus eventually needs to interact with the uterine environment?
88
What is required to leave the zona?
Pumping in of fluid to thin zona, trophoblast cells secreting enzymes to break down zona, and conceptus starting to contract to erode zona
89
There is a period of ______ as a hatched blastocyst.
Monumental growth
90
How maternal recognition happens varies between....
species
91
What is the maternal recognition factor in the cow and sheep?
IFNt which stops estrogen and oxytocin receptors from increasing
92
What is the maternal recognition factor in the sow?
Estrogen produced by conceptus, which forces PGF2alpha to go into the uterine lumen
93
The _______ allows PGF2alpha to be produced but she reroutes it, while the ______ inhibits receptors for PGF2alpha production
Sow; cow/ewe
94
What is the maternal recognition factor in the mare.
Tactile stimulation facilitated by estrogen (and decreased PGF2alpha)
95
Maternal recognition must happen before...
Luteolysis

Reproduction (11 decks)

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