Malaria, travel-related infections, zoonoses, weird infections & vaccines Flashcards by Sandy 27

what are the 5 different types of malaria

Plasmodium…

Falciparum

OVale

Vivax

Malarie

Knowseli

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what type of malaria is resistant to choloquine

Plasmodium falciparum

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what antibitoic can be used as prophylaxis for malaria

doxycycline

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what types of mosquitoe cause malaria

female anopheles

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what different types of viruses do the anophales and aedes mosquitoes caues

anophales -> malaria

aedes -> yellow & dengue fever & zika

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where is malaria mainly distrubuted

Subsaharan africa

SE asia

India

central & south america

each type is more prominent in a different area

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what are the 3 stages of malaria life cycles

Mosquitoe

Exo-erythrocytic

Erytrhocytic

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regarding differences in their life cycle, what are differences between each type of malaria

Duration of erythrocytic cycle

Cytoadherance

Hypno-zoite stages

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which cells do the plasmodium infect first?

Hepatocyte

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what 2 types of plasmodium can have leave hypno-zoites in hepatocytes?

Ovale & vivax

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what type of plasmodium has the highest mortality & why

Flaciparum

Cause of cytoadherance

the rbcs become ‘more sticky’ which can lead to vascular occluison, ischemia and inflammation

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what type of plasmodium involves cytoaherance

falciparum

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what are some of the common symptoms of malaria

Fever

Headhace

General malaise

Muscle aches

Fatigue

Sweating

Dry cough

N& V

Splenmogelay

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what organ can become enlarged in malaria

spleen

causing spleenomegaly

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what can severe malaria cause

Seizures

haemolytic anaemia

jaundice

Bleeding

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how can severe malaria cause jaundice

haemolytic anaemia

RBCs are broken down and bilirubin is released

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what commonlky occurs in the blood due to malaria

Thrombocytopeina

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what are good severity markers for malaria in bloood

if high or low -> increased moratlity

Hypo-glycemia (not enough BG)

Hyper-parasitemia (too much parasites)

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What is the gold-standard investigation for malaria

what are the different types

Peripheral blood films

Can be thick or thin

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how is malaria treated for normal & sevre cases

Normal

Artemether -> plasmodium

Choloquine -> other types

Severe

IV artesunate or IV Quinine + doxycycline

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Artemether can be used to treat what type of malaria

falciparum

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choloquine can be used to treat what type of malaria

all other than facliparum

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what 2 drugs are used as prophylaxis for malaria

Malarone & doxycycline

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what are the important things to ask in a travel history

Excat dates

Countries visited

Transport

Activities

Medications & vaccines

Exposure

Accomodation

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give examples of water-related infections

leptospirosis Schistomsomiasis

sandflies can cause what type of infection

leishmianosis

traveled to flooded area calf pain & sore red eyes treated with benzypenicilin a zoonose whats this

leptospirosis

walked a lot barefoot in india now has aneamia whats this

hookworm

grey-coating on tonsils Lots of cervical lymphadenopaty whats this

diptheria

petechiae Severe headache thrombocytopenia caused from aedes mosquiote diagnosed via tournique test whats this

dengue fever

what type of infection caused by aedes mosqutoe that has a breif period of remission between symptoms

yellow fever

what is petechiae

pinpoint spots on skin due to bleeding

swimmers rash utricaria likes snails can cause squamous cell bladder cancer whats this

schistomsomiasis

drank unclean water had constipation and now diarrhoea whats this & what causes it

typhoid fever samlonella typhi

tiny wee head conjunctivits whats this

zika

before you go traveling, what vaccines should you get

tetanus polio typhoid yellow fever cholrea Hep. B

is there a Hep C vaccine?

nah mate

what is the ABCD of malaria prevention

A- Awareness of risk B- Bite prevention C- Chemoprophylaxis (malarone & doxycycline) D- Diagnosis & treatment

what can be used for bite prevention

Covering up skin Mosquitoe nets DEET spray

falciparum is the most common type of malaria, what is the second most

vivax

what type of malaria can cause nephrotic syndrome

malarie

what type of fever can malaria cause

fever on alternating days

**Tetanus vaccine** 1. how many courses you need 2. what to give if they've had full course \<10y ago 3. what to give if they've had full couse but \>10y ago 4. what to give if unkwon vaccination history 5. how much should you give for neck/muscle spasms

1. 5 2. just clean the wound 3 & 4. booster +/- 1g 5. 1g

what vaccine should you get 2 weeks before a splenectomy

Pneumococcal

what vaccines are offered to pregnant ladies

Influenza & pertussis

hypersalivation Muscle spasms can lead to acute encephalitis has an inactivated vaccine whats this

rabies

who can't get a live-attenuated vaccine

**those immunocomprimised** HIV Long-term steroids IBD

give examples of these types of vacciens 1. live attenuated 2. inactivated 3. toxoid 4. subunit & conjugate

1. yellow fever MMR BCG influenza (internasal) 2. INfluenxa (IM) Hep. A Rabies 3. Teatanus perTusis dipTheria 4. Pneumococcal & menigiococcal Hepp. B

examples of toxoid vaccines all have what letter in them

what must you test for before you give someonw a BCG vaccine

if they've got TB -\> tuberculin skin test cause the vaccine could cause a false postive result

what vaccines are included in the 6-in-1 vaccine

Diptheria Pertussis H. influeza (type B) Polio Hep B Tetanus (All the toxoids + polio, hep B & H. influnzae)

what can be given for passive immunisation when are they used

Human normal Ig (HNIG) Disease speciific Ig (DSIG) used for boosters or immunodeficiencies

what book can be used for vaccines

green book

for the hep vaccines, what types are Hep A and Hep B

A -\> inActivated B- subunit/conjugate

the 6-in-1 vaccine is also known as the...

Hexa-valent vaccine

can get from sheep & cattle common in farmers caused by Coxiella Burnetti whats this

Q fever

**Trypansomiasis** 1. type of infection 2. other name if Afrian 3. other name if american 4. why you need to do ECHO

1. parasitic 2. sleeping sickness 3. chagas disease 4. can cause cardiomyopathy

what investigation do you have to do for trypanoosmiasis (chagas disease)

ECHO risk of cardiomyoptahty

why is african trypanosomiasis also known as sleeping sickness

cause it can cause excessive fatigue

blood diarrhoea "anchovy sauce" after draiign liver abscess whats this

entamoeba histolyica

Rose spots on abdomen abdo pain & constipation (then diarrhoea) Mass in LLQ relative bradycardia Holiday to south america maybe maybe had someting dodgy to eat whats this

**Typhoid fever** caused by salmonella typhi

an andominal mass in the LLQ can be caused by malaria or typhoid fever, what can this be

splenomegaly

hypopigmented spots lost touch sensation maybe an imigrant AKA Hansen's disease

Leporasy

why can leptospirosis be spread in flooded areas & why are sewage workers most at risk

if floods then all the sewage is washed around too the sewers have lots of rats that need to piss it is spread via **rat urine**

what type of protozoa infection is the reason why pregnant ladies need to avoid cat litter it can mimic an acute EBV infection

toxoplasmosis gondali

what is a smiliarity between typhoid fever and legionnaries

can both cause relative bradycardia

what investigation can be done for a virus

viral PCR

what are zoonoses

infectiosn that can pass from animals to humans but DON'T rely on humans as part of their life cycle

is malaria a zoonose?

No cause it relies on humans as part of it's life cycle

what are these zoonoses: 1. Farmer, swinging fever, unpasturised milk 2. target sign rash, loves a hike 3. flooding, HUS, calf pain, fisherman

1. brucellosis 2. lymes 3. leptospirosis

what causes lymes

Borrelia burgdorferi

what neuro complication can lymes cause & what are the signs

**neuroborrelisosis** Facial nerve palsy Radicular pain

zoonoses are when infections from animals infect humans, what's it called when it's the opposite way around

anthroponosis

what are 3 different types of leismaniasis what are some features of each one

cutaneous -\> crusty lesions & ulvers Mucocutaneous -\> gums and shite Visceral -\> massive splenomehaly, grey skin, from the med

what type of organism is boriella burgdoferi

spirochete

what investigation can you do for lymes and when

ELISA serology when it's expected but can't find rash

when do you need to start doxy for lymes

only if there's the classic rash