Major Theories & Theorists Flashcards
G. Stanley Hall
The founder of psychology in the US. He popularized the study of the child and child guidance.
Behaviorism
Was outlined by John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe and B.F. Skinner. The mind is a blank slate and the child learns behavior. All behavior is a result of learning
Empiricism
John Locke’s view that knowledge is acquired by experience
Erik Erikson
based on ego psychology; growth is orderly, universal and systematic. The 8 stages are:
1) Trust vs mistrust (birth to 1.5 years)
2) Autonomy vs shame & doubt (1.5-3 years)
3) Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)
4) Industry vs Inferiority ( 6-11 years)
5) Identity vs role confusion (12-18 years)
6) Intimacy vs isolation (18-35 years)
7) Generativity vs stagnation (35-60 years)
8) Integrity vs despair (65 and beyond)
Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
Preoperational ( 2-7 years)
Concrete Operations (7-12 years)
Formal Operations (11/12-16 years)
Piaget’s adaptation
occurs when individual fits information into existing ideas (also known as assimilation) and modifies cognitive schema to incorporate new information (accommodation);
Piaget’s Object permanence
an object the child can’t see still exist; occurs in the sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s Centration
the act of focusing on one aspect of something; key factor is preoperational stage
Piaget’s Conservation
the child knows the volume and quantity does not change just because the appearance of an object changes (water in different glasses); takes places in the concrete operations stage
Keagan’s Constructive Developmental Model
emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Lawerence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of Moral Development
Preconventional: behavior governed by consequences
Conventional: a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
Postconventional: self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.
Daniel Levinson’s 4 Major Eras/Transitions Theory
Four key eras:
1) Childhood and adolescence
2) Early adulthood
3) Middle adulthood
4) Later adulthood
Lev Vygotsky
proposed that cognitive development isn’t the result of innate factors, but our activities that take place in one’s culture
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
refers to the difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on their own and capacity to solve them w/ some help from others
Freud’s Psychoanalytic/Pyschodynamic 5 Psychosexual stages
1) Oral: birth- 1 years
2) Anal: 1-3 years
3) Phallic: 3-7 years
4) Latency: 3-5 years until 12 years
5) Genital: adolescence and adulthood
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
lower-order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization can occur
William Perry’s 3 Stage Theory of Intellectual & Ethical Development in Adults
1) Dualism: students view the truth as right or wrong
2) Relativism: the notion that a perfect answer might now exist, there’s a desire to know multiple opinions
3) Commitment to relativism: willing to change their opinion based on novel facts and new points of view
James Fowler’s Prestage and 6 Stage Theory of Spiritual Development
Stage 0: Undifferentiated, primal faith (birth-4 years)
Stage 1: Intuitive-projective faith (2-7 years)
Stage 2: Mythic-literal faith (childhood & beyond)
Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond); stage of conformity
Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond)
Stage 5: Conjunctive Faith (mid-30’s and beyond) openness to other points of view
Stage 6: Universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this stage
Diana Baurmind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive Passive Indulgent
Authoritative
high expectations but is warm & nurturing. The child is given an explanation of the rules
Authoritarian
characterized by bossy parenting. The child is told to follow orders with no explanation. Can produce anxious, withdrawn children who are likely to engage in antisocial behavior
Permissive Passive Indulgent
parent has a low level of control and is easily manipulated, very affectionate and wishes to please the child. Child can display lack of social skills, boundaries and can be extremely demanding
