Counseling & Helping Relationships

Question 1

Eric Berne

Answer 1

Transactional Analysis; Child, Adult and Parent; messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad, intervention can change this

Question 2

Topographical theory

Answer 2

mind is seen as an iceberg; unconscious, preconscious and conscious

Question 3

Conscious mind

Answer 3

aware of the immediate environment

Question 4

Preconscious mind

Answer 4

capable of bring ideas, images and thought into awareness with minimal difficulty

Question 5

Unconscious mind

Answer 5

composed of information that is unknown or hidden

Question 6

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Answer 6

serve to minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id or superego demands

Question 7

Reaction formation

Answer 7

a defense mechanisms where the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel

Question 8

Introjection

Answer 8

takes place when a child accepts a parent’s, caretaker’s or significant other’s values as theirs

Question 9

Constructivist theories

Answer 9

stress that’s it’s imperative that we as helpers understand the client’s view (known as constructs) to explain their problems

Question 10

Brief therapy

Answer 10

type of constructivist theory; examines what worked for the client in the past

Question 11

Narrative therapy

Answer 11

type of constructivist theory; looks at the stories in the client’s life and attempt to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary

Question 12

Paradoxical strategies

Answer 12

client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior

Question 13

Archetype

Answer 13

a primal universal symbol that means the same thing to everyone

Question 14

Edward Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 14

asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated while those that produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out

Question 15

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 15

occurs when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will show signs of emotional disturbance

Question 16

Operant

Answer 16

any behavior not elicited by an obvious stimulus

Question 17

Respondent

Answer 17

consequence of a known stimuli

Question 18

Systematic Desensitization Steps

Answer 18

Relaxation training
Construction of anxiety hierarchy
Desensitization in imagination
In vivo desensitization

Question 19

Sensate focus

Answer 19

behavioral sex therapy

Question 20

Phenomenology (Exisentialism)

Answer 20

refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events

Question 21

Ontology (Existentialism)

Answer 21

the philosophy of being and existing

Question 22

William Glasser

Answer 22

the founder of reality therapy

Question 23

Fredrick (Fritz) Perls theory & client view

Answer 23

created Gesalt therapy; people aren’t good or bad; people have the capacity to govern life effectively as whole. People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such

Question 24

Gestalt means

Answer 24

a form, figure or configuration unified as a whole

Question 25

Congruence

Answer 25

external behavior matches an internal response

Question 26

Allen Ivey’s 3 types of empathy

Answer 26

Basic empathy
Subtractive empathy
Additive empathy

Question 27

Basic Empathy

Answer 27

counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s

Question 28

Subtractive Empathy

Answer 28

counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated

Question 29

Additive Empathy

Answer 29

the most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness

Question 30

Roger’s theory & client view

Answer 30

person-centered; individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

Question 31

Freud’s theory & client view

Answer 31

Psychoanalysis; deterministic-people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

Question 32

Ellis theory & client view

Answer 32

REBT; people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

Question 33

William Glasser theory & client view

Answer 33

Reality therapy; individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the needs to be worthwhile; the brain as the control system tries to meet the needs

Question 34

Adler theory & client view

Answer 34

man is basically good; much of behavior is determined by birth order

Question 35

Jung theory & client view

Answer 35

analytic psychology; man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment

Question 36

Skinner theory & client view

Answer 36

behavior modification; humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via the environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad, no self determination or freedom

Question 37

Bandura theory & client view

Answer 37

neobehavioristic; person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important

Question 38

Victor Frankl theory & client view

Answer 38

logotherapy; existential view is that humans are good, rational and retain freedom of choice

Question 39

Williamson theory & client view

Answer 39

trait-factor; through education and scientific data man can become himself. Humans are born w/ potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive