Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards
Eric Berne
Transactional Analysis; Child, Adult and Parent; messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad, intervention can change this
Topographical theory
mind is seen as an iceberg; unconscious, preconscious and conscious
Conscious mind
aware of the immediate environment
Preconscious mind
capable of bring ideas, images and thought into awareness with minimal difficulty
Unconscious mind
composed of information that is unknown or hidden
Ego Defense Mechanisms
serve to minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id or superego demands
Reaction formation
a defense mechanisms where the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel
Introjection
takes place when a child accepts a parent’s, caretaker’s or significant other’s values as theirs
Constructivist theories
stress that’s it’s imperative that we as helpers understand the client’s view (known as constructs) to explain their problems
Brief therapy
type of constructivist theory; examines what worked for the client in the past
Narrative therapy
type of constructivist theory; looks at the stories in the client’s life and attempt to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary
Paradoxical strategies
client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior
Archetype
a primal universal symbol that means the same thing to everyone
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated while those that produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out
Experimental Neurosis
occurs when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will show signs of emotional disturbance
Operant
any behavior not elicited by an obvious stimulus
Respondent
consequence of a known stimuli
Systematic Desensitization Steps
Relaxation training
Construction of anxiety hierarchy
Desensitization in imagination
In vivo desensitization
Sensate focus
behavioral sex therapy
Phenomenology (Exisentialism)
refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events
Ontology (Existentialism)
the philosophy of being and existing
William Glasser
the founder of reality therapy
Fredrick (Fritz) Perls theory & client view
created Gesalt therapy; people aren’t good or bad; people have the capacity to govern life effectively as whole. People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
Gestalt means
a form, figure or configuration unified as a whole
Congruence
external behavior matches an internal response
Allen Ivey’s 3 types of empathy
Basic empathy
Subtractive empathy
Additive empathy
Basic Empathy
counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s
Subtractive Empathy
counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated
Additive Empathy
the most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness
Roger’s theory & client view
person-centered; individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
Freud’s theory & client view
Psychoanalysis; deterministic-people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
Ellis theory & client view
REBT; people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
William Glasser theory & client view
Reality therapy; individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the needs to be worthwhile; the brain as the control system tries to meet the needs
Adler theory & client view
man is basically good; much of behavior is determined by birth order
Jung theory & client view
analytic psychology; man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
Skinner theory & client view
behavior modification; humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via the environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad, no self determination or freedom
Bandura theory & client view
neobehavioristic; person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important
Victor Frankl theory & client view
logotherapy; existential view is that humans are good, rational and retain freedom of choice
Williamson theory & client view
trait-factor; through education and scientific data man can become himself. Humans are born w/ potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive
