Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Critical period/Sensitive period
a behavior or developmental process such as language can be acquired or it’s nearly impossible to develop later
Who is Robert Perry?
stresses the concept dualistic thinking; known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students
Dualistic thinking
common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong; black & white thinking
Relativistic thinking
not everything is right or wrong; an answer can exist relative to a specific situation
Conservation
Piaget’s notion that a substance’s weight, mass and volume remain the same even if it changes shape
Epigenetic theories
each stage emerges from the one before it; the process follows a given order and is systematic
Positive psychology
the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness and wisdom
Who is Alfred Adler?
the founder of individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex
Preconvential (morality)
child responds to consequences; 2 stages
1: punishment/obedience 2: naive hedonism orientation(instrumental or egotistic)
Conventional (morality)
individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society and the nation; 2 stages:
1: good/bad boy or girl 2: Authority, law and order orientation
Postconventional/self-accepted morality
concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights; 2 stages:
1: Accepted law or “social contract” 2: Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics.
Zone of proximal development
pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child’s performance w/o a teacher versus that which their capable of with an instructor
Who is Arnold Gesell
pioneer in terms of using a one way mirror for observing children; maturationists such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined by genetics/heredity. EX: a child must be ready before they can accept a certain level of education
Who is John Bowlby?
saw bonding and attachment as having survival value; to lead a normal social life a child must bond with an adult by the age of 3 if the bond is severed it’s known as object loss and can lead to abnormal behavior (psychopathology)
Who is Harry Harlow?
well known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation is rhesus monkeys; believed attachment was innate; most concerned w/ maternal deprivation
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral, anal phallic, latency and genital
Who is Freud?
father of psychoanalysis
Who is Elenor Gibson?
researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing an apparatus known as visual cliff
Organicism
developmental strides are qualitative; used to describe Gestalt psychologist such as Kurt Goldstein
Instinctual
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of given species (i.e. hunger); are not learned
What is ethology?
often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz; the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment
Who is Konrad Lorenz?
best known for working on the process of imprinting (an instinctual behavior in which the animal infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters which is usually the mother); claimed that we’re naturally aggressive and is necessary for survival
Who is Robert Havinghurst?
proposed tasks for developmental stages
Infancy & early childhood: learning to walk and eat solid foods
Middle Childhood (6-12): learning to get along w/ peers and developing a conscience
Adolescence: preparing for marriage and career
Early Adulthood (19-30): select mate and start a family
Middle Age(30-60): assisting teenager become responsible adults and developing leisure activities
Later Maturity(60 and up): dealing with death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement
Who is Joseph Wolfe?
pioneered systematic desensitization;
Who is Albert Ellis?
developed REBT-Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; encourages scientific and logical thinking
Who is Frank Parsons?
known as the father of guidance
Maslow’s “hierarchy of needs”
1) Basic needs such as food and water
2) Safety and security
3) Love, affection and belonging
4) Self-actualization- a person becomes all they can be
Equilibration
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
Maturation viewpoint
the mind is seen as being driven bu instincts
