Human Growth and Development

Question 1

Critical period/Sensitive period

Answer 1

a behavior or developmental process such as language can be acquired or it’s nearly impossible to develop later

Question 2

Who is Robert Perry?

Answer 2

stresses the concept dualistic thinking; known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students

Question 3

Dualistic thinking

Answer 3

common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong; black & white thinking

Question 4

Relativistic thinking

Answer 4

not everything is right or wrong; an answer can exist relative to a specific situation

Question 5

Conservation

Answer 5

Piaget’s notion that a substance’s weight, mass and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

Question 6

Epigenetic theories

Answer 6

each stage emerges from the one before it; the process follows a given order and is systematic

Question 7

Positive psychology

Answer 7

the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness and wisdom

Question 8

Who is Alfred Adler?

Answer 8

the founder of individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex

Question 9

Preconvential (morality)

Answer 9

child responds to consequences; 2 stages

1: punishment/obedience 2: naive hedonism orientation(instrumental or egotistic)

Question 10

Conventional (morality)

Answer 10

individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society and the nation; 2 stages:
1: good/bad boy or girl 2: Authority, law and order orientation

Question 11

Postconventional/self-accepted morality

Answer 11

concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights; 2 stages:
1: Accepted law or “social contract” 2: Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics.

Question 12

Zone of proximal development

Answer 12

pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child’s performance w/o a teacher versus that which their capable of with an instructor

Question 13

Who is Arnold Gesell

Answer 13

pioneer in terms of using a one way mirror for observing children; maturationists such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined by genetics/heredity. EX: a child must be ready before they can accept a certain level of education

Question 14

Who is John Bowlby?

Answer 14

saw bonding and attachment as having survival value; to lead a normal social life a child must bond with an adult by the age of 3 if the bond is severed it’s known as object loss and can lead to abnormal behavior (psychopathology)

Question 15

Who is Harry Harlow?

Answer 15

well known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation is rhesus monkeys; believed attachment was innate; most concerned w/ maternal deprivation

Question 16

Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 16

Oral, anal phallic, latency and genital

Question 17

Who is Freud?

Answer 17

father of psychoanalysis

Question 18

Who is Elenor Gibson?

Answer 18

researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing an apparatus known as visual cliff

Question 19

Organicism

Answer 19

developmental strides are qualitative; used to describe Gestalt psychologist such as Kurt Goldstein

Question 20

Instinctual

Answer 20

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of given species (i.e. hunger); are not learned

Question 21

What is ethology?

Answer 21

often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz; the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment

Question 22

Who is Konrad Lorenz?

Answer 22

best known for working on the process of imprinting (an instinctual behavior in which the animal infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters which is usually the mother); claimed that we’re naturally aggressive and is necessary for survival

Question 23

Who is Robert Havinghurst?

Answer 23

proposed tasks for developmental stages
Infancy & early childhood: learning to walk and eat solid foods
Middle Childhood (6-12): learning to get along w/ peers and developing a conscience
Adolescence: preparing for marriage and career
Early Adulthood (19-30): select mate and start a family
Middle Age(30-60): assisting teenager become responsible adults and developing leisure activities
Later Maturity(60 and up): dealing with death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement

Question 24

Who is Joseph Wolfe?

Answer 24

pioneered systematic desensitization;

Question 25

Who is Albert Ellis?

Answer 25

developed REBT-Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; encourages scientific and logical thinking

Question 26

Who is Frank Parsons?

Answer 26

known as the father of guidance

Question 27

Maslow’s “hierarchy of needs”

Answer 27

1) Basic needs such as food and water
2) Safety and security
3) Love, affection and belonging
4) Self-actualization- a person becomes all they can be

Question 28

Equilibration

Answer 28

the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

Question 29

Maturation viewpoint

Answer 29

the mind is seen as being driven bu instincts