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PMVPH > Macrominerals > Flashcards

Macrominerals Flashcards

1
Q

When does magnesium deficiency in cattle arise?

A

When high demand is combined with decrease intake - unlike calcium, there is little homeostatic regulation of Mg in ruminants

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute hypomagnesemia?

A

Range from per acute to sub clinical

  • hyperaesthesia
  • ears twitching
  • sensitive to sound / hand clap
  • staggers and collapses
  • champing of jaws
  • sudden death
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of sub-acute hypomagnesemia?

A
  • slow onset over 3-4 days
  • spasmodic urination and defecation
  • muscle tremor
  • staggering gait
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic hypomagnesemia?

A

Few signs
Poor appetite
Depressed milk yield

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5
Q

What is a common clinical sign for all types of hypomagnesemia?

A

All have increase HR (over 80bpm)

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6
Q

What are the causes of hypomagnesemia in cattle?

A
  • Low Mg levels in the diet (fresh grass)
  • Poor feed intakes (rain)
  • Poor absorption of the Mg (K - DCAB; N - another +ive player; passage rate - lush grass)
  • Mg < 0.5mmol/l
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7
Q

What is the treatment for hypomagnesemia in cattle?

A

Ca borogluconate with hypophosphate IV slowly

Magnesium sulphate 25% s/c only

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8
Q

How can we prevent hypomag in cattle?

A
  • Magnesium alone is not very platable
  • MgO in concentrates, mix with molasses
  • Mg bolus oral
  • Mg tablets/ flakes added to drinking water
  • Avoid K fertiliser when hypomag is a known problem
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9
Q

What clinical scenarios are linked to low calcium in cows?

A
  • Bovine parturient paresis
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Acute flaccid paralysis
  • Milk fever
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10
Q

What is the normal calcium level in the blood of cattle?

A

2.3 to 3.2 mmol/l

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11
Q

What factors are part of calcium homeostasis?

A
  • Absorption from GIT, kidney and bone
  • PTH regulates
  • Vitamin D3 (coverted in kidney) facilitates uptake from gut
  • Calcitonin
  • Mg co-factor required at several stages
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of subclinical hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A
  • Blood calcium 1.8-2.3mmol/l
  • Able to stand
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Excitable
  • Tremors
  • Ear twitching
  • Ataxia
  • Bloat/gas in gut
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of clinical hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Blood calcium: 1.2-1.8mmol/l
  • Recumbent - sternal recumbency
  • Depressed
  • Dry muzzle
  • Cold extremitites
  • Bloat/gas in gut
  • No defecation
  • Delayed/absent pupil responses
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of severe clinical hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A
  • <1.2mmol/l
  • Reduced consciousness
  • Lateral recumbency
  • Unresponsive to stimuli
  • Muscle flaccidity
  • Reduced cardiac output
  • Bloat
  • Death
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15
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A
  • urgent disease
  • 20% CaBorogluconate 400ml
  • 40% CaBorogluconate 400ml
  • Low volume treatment Maxacal 100ml
  • Also some mixed with Mg, P, Glucose

Recovery:
- Passes dung, eructates, sit the animal up

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16
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A
  • Demand is not met by supply
  • Absorption from kidney
  • GIT absorption: Absorption %age (Ca in dry cow ration); feed intake (fat cows)
  • Bone reserves - old cows
17
Q

How can we prevent hypocalcaemia is cattle?

A
  • Low Ca in dry cow ration (<50g Ca/day)
  • High Ca in milking ration (>100g Ca/day)
  • Mg-supply
  • DCAB
  • Drench at calving
  • Bolus just before calving
18
Q

What key points are there about phosphorus deficiency in cattle?

A 
Local condition
Happy downer
No response to Ca/Mg tx
Foston IV
Check for other reasoners for being a downer cow
19
Q

What is DCAB?

A

Dietary cation anion balance

20
Q

What are the cations of DCAB?

A

Na and K

21
Q

What are the anions of DCAB?

A

Cl and S

22
Q

What is the DCAB equation? What should the sum be and why?

A 
(Na + K) - (Cl + S)
Sum should be -100 to -200 mEq/kg DM
- This provides excess of anions over cations
- Decreases pH of blood
- PTH more effective
23
Q

What is the downside to adding anionic salts to the diet of a cow?

A
  • Not very palatable and reduce DMI

- Can cause negative energy balance, fatty liver, metabolic problems hence must be used with great care

24
Q

Name the macrominerals..

A

Magnesium, calcium, phosphate

PMVPH (11 decks)

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