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Methods > M6 Midterm > Flashcards

M6 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Occlusion of the ___ artery from stenosis, aneurysm, embolus, or compression from a cervical rib or anomalous first rib is the most serious cause of TOS, but accounts for less than 1% of all cases.

A

Subclavian

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2
Q

___ TOS is by far the most common cause of TOS, accounting for well over 95% of cases.

A

Neurogenic

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3
Q

TOS is more common in ____, with some estimates as high as 9:1

A

Women

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4
Q

In TOS, pain and paresthesia predominantly involve the __/__ segmental level

A

C8/T1

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5
Q

Symptoms of TOS follow a ____ nerve distribution in 90% of cases.

A

Ulnar

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6
Q

A buffalo hump in the upper thoracic spine may indicate ___ syndrome

A

Cushing’s

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7
Q

Scapular winging can be due to weakness of what three muscles (or their associated nerve supply)?

A
  1. Serratus anterior (long thoracic n.)
  2. Lower traps (spinal accessory CN XI)
  3. Rhomboids (dorsal scapular n.)
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8
Q

For patients with increased thoracic kyphosis, what test help differentiate between a structural or functional cause?

A

Prone extension test

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9
Q

The two basic origins of intersegmental joint dysfunction (ISJD)?

A
  1. Mechanical (trauma or overuse)

2. Reflexive (visceral nociceptive irritation triggering reflexive segmental muscular guarding)

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10
Q

Longstanding joint dysfunction is thought to result in premature _______

A

Degenerative change

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11
Q

Complaints involving the thoracic region make up approximately __% of all spinal problems

A

15%

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12
Q

The one-year prevalence of thoracic spine pain is estimated at __% (much lower than cervical/lumbar)

A

17%

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13
Q

The use of ____ seems to correlate with adolescent thoracic spine pain (approx. 10% of adolescents experience thoracic pain)

A

Backpacks

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14
Q

Clinicians should be suspicious of ____-referred pathology when active or passive motion testing does not reproduce the chief complaint.

A

Viscerally

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15
Q

MRI demonstrates the presence of thoracic disc herniation in __% of asymptomatic patients, and disc bulge in __%

A

37%, 53%

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16
Q

Thoracic spine manipulation has been shown to immediately increase _____

A

Muscle strength

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17
Q

___ syndrome consists of paresthesia, numbness, upper extremity pains w/or w/out headaches and upper back stiffness. It has a peculiar glove-like distribution of hand or forearm pain which often leads to misdiagnosis.

A

T4

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18
Q

Studies suggest that __-__% of “chest pain” is of musculoskeletal origin

A

10-30%

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19
Q

The costovertebral joints have rich, nociceptive innervation from branches of the ____ nerve

A

Intercostal

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20
Q

The intercostal nerves arise from the ____ rami, which provide a plausible connection for referred pain to the chest and abdominal wall.

A

Ventral

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21
Q

Movement of the upper ribs occurs primarily in a “____” elevation manner, while the lower ribs move in more of an anterior to posterior “______” fashion

A

“Pump handle”, “bucket handle”

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22
Q

The __-__ segments are the most common sites of costovertebral joint dysfunction.

A

T8-T10

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23
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis is suggested when chest expansion is limited to less than __” in males and __” in females.

A

1-1/2”, 1”

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24
Q

Asymptomatic thoracic disc lesions may be present in up to ___ of the population

A

Half

25
Q

Over 75% of thoracic disc herniations occur below ___, with the ____ segment being affected the most.

A

T8, T11/12

26
Q

Costovertebral joint dysfunction is generally unilateral and provoked by _____

A

Deep inspiration

27
Q

Patients w/thoracic disc herniations whose symptoms centralize upon EXTENSION should be treated w/a ___ extension protocol, while patients exhibiting a flexion bias would be better served with _____ flexion exercises.

A

McKenzie, Williams

28
Q

____ is a complicated diagnosis, broadly describing dynamic, interdependent degenerative changes involving the discs, vertebral bodies, and/or facet joints that develop in response to stress, compounded by time.

A

Spondylosis

29
Q

Thoracic degeneration shows a predilection (common area of damage) for the most mobile segments: __-__

A

T9-T12

30
Q

Spondylosis patients often note symptoms upon arising in the morning which dissipate with _____

A

Light activity

31
Q

____ describes a painful inflammation or degeneration of the tendon of the long head of the biceps.

A

Biceps tendinopathy

32
Q

Biceps tendinopathy often results from repetitive ___

A

Overhead activity

33
Q

____ is the most common cause of shoulder complaints, in which 95% of patients with biceps tendinopathy have it as their primary diagnosis.

A

Subacromial impingement

34
Q

A popular orthopedic test for bicipital tendinitis?

A

Yergason’s

35
Q

____ syndrome is caused when the Supraspinatus tendon becomes painfully entrapped between the acromion and the greater tuberosity of the humerus during elevation and internal rotation of the arm.

A

Anterior shoulder impingement

36
Q

“Non-outlet impingement” anterior shoulder impingement syndrome arises from loss of normal numeral head depression as a result of ____ muscle weakness or denervation

A

Rotator cuff

37
Q

Scapular dyskinesia is present in up to __% of shoulder impingement cases.

A

100%

38
Q

Which of the rotator cuff muscles is the largest and strongest?

A

Subscapularis

39
Q

____ injury is the most common problem to affect the shoulder, accounting for 4.5 million physician office visits per year.

A

Rotator cuff

40
Q

____ describes an ongoing and painful limitation of active and passive glenohumeral and periscapular motion

A

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder syndrome)

41
Q

There are two types of adhesive capsulitis: primary and secondary. Which type is more common and follows a period of restricted shoulder motion (i.e. rotator cuff pathology, trauma, surgery, etc.)

A

Secondary

42
Q

Patients with ___ adhesive capsulitis are unable to identify the cause of their condition

A

Primary

43
Q

The incidence of adhesive capsulitis rises to 10-20% in patients with _____, and 36% in those with _____

A

Type 2 diabetes, Type 1 diabetes

44
Q

Loss of passive ____ with the arm positioned at the side is the most common range of motion deficit in adhesive capsulitis

A

External rotation

45
Q

The acronym “SLAP” stands for:

A

Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior

46
Q

___ is described as a tear or detachment of the shoulder’s superior glenoid labrum; generally originating at the anchor site for the long head of the biceps tendon and extending into the anterior or posterior portions of the labrum

A

SLAP Lesion

47
Q

The most common mechanism of acute SLAP lesion injury?

A

FOOSH (Fall Onto Outstretched Hand - shoulder abducted and flexed forward)

48
Q

Also called “sick scapula”

A

Scapular dyskinesis

49
Q

Scapular dyskinesis is more apparent with dynamic testing, particularly during the ____ phase of arm movement.

A

Lowering

50
Q

T/F: scapular dyskinesis can occur from core and hip abductor weakness

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F: no single orthopedic maneuver has been shown to reliably predict a SLAP tear.

A

TRUE

52
Q

10% of patients with lateral epicondylitis have co-existent ___ syndrome

A

Radial tunnel

53
Q

In radial tunnel syndrome, the radial nerve compression occurs most commonly (70%) beneath the proximal edge of the ____ muscle at the Arcade of Froshe

A

Supinator

54
Q

__% of patients with lateral elbow pain demonstrate symptoms or positive clinical findings in the cervical or upper thoracic regions

A

70%

55
Q

Radiographs are warranted in adolescents complaining of medial epicondyle pain in order to rule out avulsion, also known as:

A

Little league elbow

56
Q

The two most common sites of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow are:

A
  1. Within the true cubital tunnel

2. Slightly distal to the tunnel between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris

57
Q

This is the second most frequent cause of median nerve compression

A

Pronator teres syndrome

58
Q

A patient with this syndrome cannot form an “O” with the thumb and index finger

A

Anterior interosseous syndrome

59
Q

The most common nerve entrapment?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Methods (16 decks)

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