M4: Community Ecology - Species Abundance and Diversity

Question 1

What consumes live plant material?

Answer 1

Herbivore

Question 2

What consume other organism?

Answer 2

Predators

Question 3

What live off hosts, but do not kill them?

Answer 3

Parasite

Question 4

What live off parasite?

Answer 4

Hyperparasite

Question 5

What larvae live off and kill their host?

Answer 5

Parasitoid

Question 6

What induce disease?

Answer 6

Pathogen

Question 7

What is the association of interacting species in an area?

Answer 7

Community

Question 8

What is the community structure?

Answer 8

No. of species (diversity), abundance, and biomass

Question 9

What are species abundance?

Answer 9

Normally distributed.
Most are moderately abundant. Few are extremely abundant and extremely rare.

Question 10

Who proposed that “abundance of species are minimal (basic) community structure”?

Answer 10

G.F. Clause

Question 11

What is bell-shaped distribution?

Answer 11

Lognormal Distribution

Question 12

In species rarefaction curves, what does increasing trend means?

Answer 12

Still recording more species

Question 13

What is “relative abundance + no. of species”?

Answer 13

Species diversity

Question 14

What is the probability that two individuals randomly selected from sample belongs to same species?

Answer 14

Simpson’s index (D)

Question 15

What is the formula of Simpson’s index?

Answer 15

D = EPi^2
Pi - proportion of ith species in samples

Question 16

Simpson’s index (D) can be 0 to 1. What does it imply?

Answer 16

0 means higher richness and evenness. 1 mens 1 species is present.

Question 17

What is the probability that two individuals randomly selected from sample belongs to different species?

Answer 17

Simpson’s Index of Diversity

Question 18

What is the formula for Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

Answer 18

Simpson’s Index of Diversity = 1 - D

Question 19

What is when only one species is present, value is 1, as well as the max value is the number of species in community (s)?

Answer 19

Simpson’s Reciprocal Index

Question 20

What is the formula for Simpson’s reciprocal index?

Answer 20

Simpson’s Reciprocal Index = 1/D

Question 21

What is all species in community are equally abundant? (0 to 1)

Answer 21

Measure of evenness (ED)

Question 22

What is the formula for measure of evenness(ED)?

Answer 22

ED = (1/D)/S

Question 23

What is the formula for Shannon-Wiener index (H’)?

Answer 23

Pi - Proportion of ith species in sample
logePi - natural logarithm of Pi
s = number of species in community
s
H’ = - EPilogePic
i = 1

Question 24

What is 0 to 1 in Shannon-Wiener Index?

Answer 24

0 with only 1 species

Question 25

What is the increases in Shannon-Wiener Index?

Answer 25

- Increases with higher sp. richness - Increases with higher sp. evenness

Question 26

What is 0 to 1 in Evenness index using H'?

Answer 26

1 means all species in community are equally abundant

Question 27

In the Shannon-Wiener index curve, what does high slope and low slope implies?

Answer 27

High slope = Less Evenness Low Slope = High Evenness

Question 28

What promote higher diversity?

Answer 28

Intermediate level of disturbance

Question 29

When does equilibrium occur?

Answer 29

When environmental conditions are more/less stable

Question 30

What is disturbance according to W. Sousa?

Answer 30

Creates an opportunity for new individuals to become established

Question 31

What is disturbance according to P.S. White & S. Pickett?

Answer 31

Disrupts the ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment

Question 32

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Answer 32

According to J. Connell, high diversity is a consequence of continually changing conditions

Question 33

What happens with high and low level disturbance?

Answer 33

Reduced diversity

Question 34

What happens with intense and frequent disturbance?

Answer 34

Less species can colonize and complete life cycle

Question 35

What happens with infrequent and less intense disturbance?

Answer 35

- Most effective competitor - Efficient resource use - Efficient interference competition

Question 36

What happens when more species colonize?

Answer 36

No time for competitive exclusion.

Question 37

What are Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices sensitive to?

Answer 37

Number of species and abundance

Question 38

Where is Simpson's index sensitive to?

Answer 38

Dominant Species

Question 39

Where is Shannon-Wiener Index sensitive to?

Answer 39

Rare Species

Question 40

What do the indices exhibits with species richness?

Answer 40

Non-linear relationship

Question 41

What does communities at high species richness implies?

Answer 41

More similar indices

Question 42

What is the mathematically unified family of diversity indices?

Answer 42

Hill's number

Question 43

Where is hill's number sensitive to?

Answer 43

Rare to common species with increasing q (0 to 4)

Question 44

What is the shortcomings of species richness?

Answer 44

Cannot detect rare/common species and do not incorporate abundance

Question 45

What is the shortcomings of diversity indices?

Answer 45

Not intuitive and cannot be compared directly with sp. richness

Question 46

What is the shortcomings of Hill's Numbers?

Answer 46

Sensitive sampling effort and unequal replicates must be rarefied

Question 47

What is the number of species?

Answer 47

Species richness

Question 48

What is the number of species per area?

Answer 48

Species diversity