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BIO 150.01 > M1: Introduction to Ecology & Life on Land & Water > Flashcards

M1: Introduction to Ecology & Life on Land & Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Greek words “oikos” and “logia” means?

A

“Oikos” means “home,” while “logia” means “study of.” Together, it means “study of home.”

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2
Q

What is the study of relationships between living beings and their environment?

A

Ecology

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of the ecosystem?

A

Abiotic (Non-living) and Biotic (Living)

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4
Q

What is the Ecological Organization? (from Biggest to Smallest)

A

Biosphere
Landscape/Seascape
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual

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5
Q

What are the 4 methodologies in studying our home?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Experimentation
  3. Citizen Science
  4. Modeling
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6
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

Evolution

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7
Q

These are characteristics improving an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in the environment.

A

Adaptation

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8
Q

These are success (survival reproduction) of individuals within a population resulting from interaction with the environment.

A

Natural Selection

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9
Q

Survival reproduction within a population.

A

Heritable Variation

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10
Q

Success resulting from said variation.

A

Differential Success

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11
Q

What are species that produce their own food?

A

Producers/Autotrophs

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12
Q

What are species that consume plant/animal tissues?

A

Consumers/Heterotrophs

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13
Q

(Energy produced by producer) - (Energy lost as metabolic heat) = ?

A

Net Primary Production (NPP)

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14
Q

What is the movement of nutrients between organisms and the physical environment?

A

Nutrient Cycle

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15
Q

What are the 3 factors that water balance depends on for living in land?

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Water Availability
  3. Temperature
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16
Q

The less the air density, the ____ pull of gravity.

A

More

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17
Q

What is the combinations of atmospheric conditions occuring at a given time?

A

Weather

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18
Q

What is the long-tern average pattern of weather?

A

Climate

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19
Q

What are the factors for classification of terrestrial biomes?

A
  1. Plant Type
  2. Soil Type
  3. Climate
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20
Q

The uneven heating of Earth’s surface and tilt produced the…?

A

Latitudinal & Seasonal Variation in Climate

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21
Q

What phenomenon where the temperature and moisture are different from the prevailing climate?

A

Microclimate

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22
Q

In soil profile, this is the topmost with fresh fallen organic matter. What is this?

A

O Horizon

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23
Q

In soil profile, this is where the minerals and incorporated organic material are found. What is this?

A

A Horizon

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24
Q

In soil profile, this is where the leached materials from A horizon are found. What is this?

A

B Horizon

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25
Q

In soil profile, this is where the bedrock and weathered materials are found. What is this?

A

C Horizon

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26
Q

What are the factors influencing soil type?

A
  1. Parent Material
  2. Climate
  3. Biotic Factors
  4. Topography
  5. Time
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27
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: Equatorial (SE-Asia, W-Africa, & S-America)
Climate: Year-round warm and wet (Varying temperature daily and high precipitation)

A

Tropical Rainforest

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28
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: Africa, America, Asia (India, Indochina peninsula, Australia)
Climate: Dry season to high rainfall season

A

Tropical Dry Forests

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29
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: 10-20 degrees of the equator (Africa, S-America, N-Australia, S-Asia)
Climate: Alternating dry and wet seasons (seasonal drought - prone to fire)

A

Tropical Savanna

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30
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: 30 degrees North, 30 degrees south (N-America/Great Basin, S-America/Atacama, W-Africa/Namib)
Climate: Variable of little rainfall (hot summers top extremely cold winters)

A

Desert

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31
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: 30 degrees to 40 degrees latitude (except Antarctica)
Climate: Cold and moist, and dry during summer (Vulnerable to frequent fires)

A

Woodland/Shrubland

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32
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: 30 degrees to 55 degrees latitude (N-America, Eurasia, S-America, New Zealand/Aotearoa)
Climate: 300 - 1000 mm annual precipitation (Droughts can last a year)

A

Temperate Grassland

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33
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: 30 degrees to 55 degrees latitude (Asia, Europe, America, S-Africa, Australia, New Zealand)
Climate: More winter precipitation (Deciduous trees rely more on water)

A

Temperate Forests

34
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Central Alaska, Canada)
Climate: Long winters - 6 months (short summers and prone to fire during drought)

A

Boreal Forest

35
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: Northernmost, 66.6 degrees North latitude (North of Artic Circle)
Climate: Cold and Dry (Less severe winters and short summers)

A

Tundra

36
Q

What terrestrial biome has…
Geography: Worldwide
Climate: Changes from low to high altitude (Precipitation and Temperature varies daily)

A

Mountains

37
Q

Surface evaporation + Transpiration

A

Evapotranspiration

38
Q

Evaporation of water from tissues of trees

A

Transpiration

39
Q

What is water collecting on top of impervious layer?

A

Groundwater

40
Q

What is condensed water vapor falling?

A

Precipitation

41
Q

What is precipitation that are not immediately received by ground?

A

Interception

42
Q

What is precipitation moving into ground?

A

Infiltration

43
Q

What dissolves to many substance?

A

Universal Solvent

44
Q

What are floating ice allowing bodies of water to remain liquid below surface ice during winter?

A

Liquid Dense State

45
Q

What resists changes in temperature and state changes; allows life to exists in different temperatures?

A

Highly stable

46
Q

What is reduced support system?

A

Buoyant

47
Q

What is hydrodynamic pressure to make organisms more streamlined?

A

Viscous

48
Q

What is the total amount of salt dissolved in water?

A

Salinity

49
Q

What is warm, low-density, surface waters?

A

Epilimnion

50
Q

What is the zone of rapid temperature changes?

A

Thermocline

51
Q

What is cold, high density, deep waters?

A

Hypolimnion

52
Q

What is the zone of abrupt temperature decrease?

A

Thermocline

53
Q

What is the zone of abrupt salinity decrease?

A

Halocline

54
Q

What is the zone of abrupt pressure decrease?

A

Pycnocline

55
Q

What is the deflection of winds that affects oceanic circulation?

A

Coriolis effect

56
Q

What zone that are influenced by tides?

A

Intertidal zones

57
Q

What are the coast to continental shelf margin?

A

Neritic zone

58
Q

What are the 5 sub-layers of oceanic zone?

A
  1. Epipelagic zone (0 - 200m)
  2. Mesopelagic zone (200 - 1000m)
  3. Bathypelagic zone (1000 - 4000m)
  4. Abyssal zone (4000 - 6000m)
  5. Hadal zone (6000m and below)
59
Q

What grows along rocky shores in regions where maximum water temperature is at < 20 degrees Celsius?

A

Kelp Forests

60
Q

What are absent shores that are silted by runoff from large rivers?

A

Coral Reefs

61
Q

What forms when corals growing around young islands form?

A

Fringing Reefs

62
Q

What are corals that continue to grow upward and outward towards the sea?

A

Barrier Reefs

63
Q

What island continue to subside, and coral growth may form an atoll on top of island when it has subsided completely below sea level?

A

Atoll Reefs

64
Q

What aquatic biome has…
Geography: Tropical to Subtropical latitudes (between 30 degrees North and South)

A

Coral Reefs

65
Q

What aquatic biome has…
Geography: Tropical to Subtropical latitudes (temperate to subpolar regions)

A

Kelp Forests

66
Q

What are the 5 sublayers of intertidal zones?

A
  1. Supratidal fringe
  2. Upper- intertidal zone
  3. Middle - intertidal zone
  4. Lower - intertidal zone
  5. Subtidal zone
67
Q

What are high/low tides that occurs twice in a day?

A

Semidiurnal Tides

68
Q

What high/low tides occur once a day?

A

Diurnal Tides

69
Q

What is the maximum tidal fluctuation?

A

Spring Tides

70
Q

What is the minimum tidal fluctuation?

A

Neap Tides

71
Q

What areas of transition between habitats?

A

Ecotones

72
Q

What aquatic biome are found at middle to high latitudes?

A

Herb-dominated salt marshes

73
Q

What aquatic biome are found in tropical and subtropical environments where minimum sea surfaces temperatures are > 16 degrees?

A

Mangrove Forests

74
Q

Where does aquatic organisms go to live in all zones coming from phreatic zones?

A

Water Column

75
Q

Where does water flows from river channels into groundwater and vice versa?

A

Wetted Channel

76
Q

What is flooded usually at least once each year?

A

Active Channel

77
Q

Where does root of trees gather to draw water from groundwater?

A

Riparian zone

78
Q

What concept where the major source of energy in stream ecosystems are allochthonous?

A

River continuum concept

79
Q

What flow conditions and geologic setting that significantly determine ecological characteristics?

A

River ecosystem synthesis

80
Q

What area where amount of oxygen produced by producers (O2) are consumed by producers?

A

Oxygen compensation zone

BIO 150.01 (13 decks)

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