M1: Introduction to Ecology & Life on Land & Water

Question 1

What does the Greek words “oikos” and “logia” means?

Answer 1

“Oikos” means “home,” while “logia” means “study of.” Together, it means “study of home.”

Question 2

What is the study of relationships between living beings and their environment?

Answer 2

Ecology

Question 3

What are the 2 components of the ecosystem?

Answer 3

Abiotic (Non-living) and Biotic (Living)

Question 4

What is the Ecological Organization? (from Biggest to Smallest)

Answer 4

Biosphere
Landscape/Seascape
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual

Question 5

What are the 4 methodologies in studying our home?

Answer 5

1. Observation
2. Experimentation
3. Citizen Science
4. Modeling

Question 6

What is descent with modification?

Answer 6

Evolution

Question 7

These are characteristics improving an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in the environment.

Answer 7

Adaptation

Question 8

These are success (survival reproduction) of individuals within a population resulting from interaction with the environment.

Answer 8

Natural Selection

Question 9

Survival reproduction within a population.

Answer 9

Heritable Variation

Question 10

Success resulting from said variation.

Answer 10

Differential Success

Question 11

What are species that produce their own food?

Answer 11

Producers/Autotrophs

Question 12

What are species that consume plant/animal tissues?

Answer 12

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Question 13

(Energy produced by producer) - (Energy lost as metabolic heat) = ?

Answer 13

Net Primary Production (NPP)

Question 14

What is the movement of nutrients between organisms and the physical environment?

Answer 14

Nutrient Cycle

Question 15

What are the 3 factors that water balance depends on for living in land?

Answer 15

1. Precipitation
2. Water Availability
3. Temperature

Question 16

The less the air density, the ____ pull of gravity.

Answer 16

More

Question 17

What is the combinations of atmospheric conditions occuring at a given time?

Answer 17

Weather

Question 18

What is the long-tern average pattern of weather?

Answer 18

Climate

Question 19

What are the factors for classification of terrestrial biomes?

Answer 19

1. Plant Type
2. Soil Type
3. Climate

Question 20

The uneven heating of Earth’s surface and tilt produced the…?

Answer 20

Latitudinal & Seasonal Variation in Climate

Question 21

What phenomenon where the temperature and moisture are different from the prevailing climate?

Answer 21

Microclimate

Question 22

In soil profile, this is the topmost with fresh fallen organic matter. What is this?

Answer 22

O Horizon

Question 23

In soil profile, this is where the minerals and incorporated organic material are found. What is this?

Answer 23

A Horizon

Question 24

In soil profile, this is where the leached materials from A horizon are found. What is this?

Answer 24

B Horizon

Question 25

In soil profile, this is where the bedrock and weathered materials are found. What is this?

Answer 25

C Horizon

Question 26

What are the factors influencing soil type?

Answer 26

1. Parent Material 2. Climate 3. Biotic Factors 4. Topography 5. Time

Question 27

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: Equatorial (SE-Asia, W-Africa, & S-America) Climate: Year-round warm and wet (Varying temperature daily and high precipitation)

Answer 27

Tropical Rainforest

Question 28

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: Africa, America, Asia (India, Indochina peninsula, Australia) Climate: Dry season to high rainfall season

Answer 28

Tropical Dry Forests

Question 29

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: 10-20 degrees of the equator (Africa, S-America, N-Australia, S-Asia) Climate: Alternating dry and wet seasons (seasonal drought - prone to fire)

Answer 29

Tropical Savanna

Question 30

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: 30 degrees North, 30 degrees south (N-America/Great Basin, S-America/Atacama, W-Africa/Namib) Climate: Variable of little rainfall (hot summers top extremely cold winters)

Answer 30

Desert

Question 31

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: 30 degrees to 40 degrees latitude (except Antarctica) Climate: Cold and moist, and dry during summer (Vulnerable to frequent fires)

Answer 31

Woodland/Shrubland

Question 32

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: 30 degrees to 55 degrees latitude (N-America, Eurasia, S-America, New Zealand/Aotearoa) Climate: 300 - 1000 mm annual precipitation (Droughts can last a year)

Answer 32

Temperate Grassland

Question 33

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: 30 degrees to 55 degrees latitude (Asia, Europe, America, S-Africa, Australia, New Zealand) Climate: More winter precipitation (Deciduous trees rely more on water)

Answer 33

Temperate Forests

Question 34

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Central Alaska, Canada) Climate: Long winters - 6 months (short summers and prone to fire during drought)

Answer 34

Boreal Forest

Question 35

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: Northernmost, 66.6 degrees North latitude (North of Artic Circle) Climate: Cold and Dry (Less severe winters and short summers)

Answer 35

Tundra

Question 36

What terrestrial biome has... Geography: Worldwide Climate: Changes from low to high altitude (Precipitation and Temperature varies daily)

Answer 36

Mountains

Question 37

Surface evaporation + Transpiration

Answer 37

Evapotranspiration

Question 38

Evaporation of water from tissues of trees

Answer 38

Transpiration

Question 39

What is water collecting on top of impervious layer?

Answer 39

Groundwater

Question 40

What is condensed water vapor falling?

Answer 40

Precipitation

Question 41

What is precipitation that are not immediately received by ground?

Answer 41

Interception

Question 42

What is precipitation moving into ground?

Answer 42

Infiltration

Question 43

What dissolves to many substance?

Answer 43

Universal Solvent

Question 44

What are floating ice allowing bodies of water to remain liquid below surface ice during winter?

Answer 44

Liquid Dense State

Question 45

What resists changes in temperature and state changes; allows life to exists in different temperatures?

Answer 45

Highly stable

Question 46

What is reduced support system?

Answer 46

Buoyant

Question 47

What is hydrodynamic pressure to make organisms more streamlined?

Answer 47

Viscous

Question 48

What is the total amount of salt dissolved in water?

Answer 48

Salinity

Question 49

What is warm, low-density, surface waters?

Answer 49

Epilimnion

Question 50

What is the zone of rapid temperature changes?

Answer 50

Thermocline

Question 51

What is cold, high density, deep waters?

Answer 51

Hypolimnion

Question 52

What is the zone of abrupt temperature decrease?

Answer 52

Thermocline

Question 53

What is the zone of abrupt salinity decrease?

Answer 53

Halocline

Question 54

What is the zone of abrupt pressure decrease?

Answer 54

Pycnocline

Question 55

What is the deflection of winds that affects oceanic circulation?

Answer 55

Coriolis effect

Question 56

What zone that are influenced by tides?

Answer 56

Intertidal zones

Question 57

What are the coast to continental shelf margin?

Answer 57

Neritic zone

Question 58

What are the 5 sub-layers of oceanic zone?

Answer 58

1. Epipelagic zone (0 - 200m) 2. Mesopelagic zone (200 - 1000m) 3. Bathypelagic zone (1000 - 4000m) 4. Abyssal zone (4000 - 6000m) 5. Hadal zone (6000m and below)

Question 59

What grows along rocky shores in regions where maximum water temperature is at < 20 degrees Celsius?

Answer 59

Kelp Forests

Question 60

What are absent shores that are silted by runoff from large rivers?

Answer 60

Coral Reefs

Question 61

What forms when corals growing around young islands form?

Answer 61

Fringing Reefs

Question 62

What are corals that continue to grow upward and outward towards the sea?

Answer 62

Barrier Reefs

Question 63

What island continue to subside, and coral growth may form an atoll on top of island when it has subsided completely below sea level?

Answer 63

Atoll Reefs

Question 64

What aquatic biome has... Geography: Tropical to Subtropical latitudes (between 30 degrees North and South)

Answer 64

Coral Reefs

Question 65

What aquatic biome has... Geography: Tropical to Subtropical latitudes (temperate to subpolar regions)

Answer 65

Kelp Forests

Question 66

What are the 5 sublayers of intertidal zones?

Answer 66

1. Supratidal fringe 2. Upper- intertidal zone 3. Middle - intertidal zone 4. Lower - intertidal zone 5. Subtidal zone

Question 67

What are high/low tides that occurs twice in a day?

Answer 67

Semidiurnal Tides

Question 68

What high/low tides occur once a day?

Answer 68

Diurnal Tides

Question 69

What is the maximum tidal fluctuation?

Answer 69

Spring Tides

Question 70

What is the minimum tidal fluctuation?

Answer 70

Neap Tides

Question 71

What areas of transition between habitats?

Answer 71

Ecotones

Question 72

What aquatic biome are found at middle to high latitudes?

Answer 72

Herb-dominated salt marshes

Question 73

What aquatic biome are found in tropical and subtropical environments where minimum sea surfaces temperatures are > 16 degrees?

Answer 73

Mangrove Forests

Question 74

Where does aquatic organisms go to live in all zones coming from phreatic zones?

Answer 74

Water Column

Question 75

Where does water flows from river channels into groundwater and vice versa?

Answer 75

Wetted Channel

Question 76

What is flooded usually at least once each year?

Answer 76

Active Channel

Question 77

Where does root of trees gather to draw water from groundwater?

Answer 77

Riparian zone

Question 78

What concept where the major source of energy in stream ecosystems are allochthonous?

Answer 78

River continuum concept

Question 79

What flow conditions and geologic setting that significantly determine ecological characteristics?

Answer 79

River ecosystem synthesis

Question 80

What area where amount of oxygen produced by producers (O2) are consumed by producers?

Answer 80

Oxygen compensation zone