M3: Population Ecology

Question 1

What is a group of individuals of species in a specific area?

Answer 1

Population

Question 2

What is characteristics of a population?

Answer 2

1. Distribution
2. Spacing of individiuals
3. Density
4. Age distribution
5. Birth & Death Rates
   6.Growth Rate

Question 3

What are the cause of geographic distribution?

Answer 3

1. Environment
2. Population
   - Behavior
   - Physiology
   - Anatomy

Question 4

What is the environmental factor influencing growth, survival, and reproduction of species?

Answer 4

Niche

Question 5

What is the physiochemical condition allowing survival/reproduction of species?

Answer 5

Fundamental Niche

Question 6

What is the actual niche limited by biotic interactions (competition, predation, disease, parasitism)?

Answer 6

Realized Niche

Question 7

What is a small-scale population pattern where an individual has an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area?

Answer 7

Random Pattern

Question 8

What is a small-scale population pattern where an individual are uniformly spaced through the environment?

Answer 8

Regular Pattern

Question 9

What is a small-scale population pattern where an individual lives in areas of high local abundance separated by areas of low abundance?

Answer 9

Clumped

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE: Population can be clumped in large scales?

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

What is the relationship between population density and body size?

Answer 11

Indirectly Proportional

Question 12

What is the formula for population size?

Answer 12

Nt = Nt-1 + B + I - D - E

Number of individuals in population at a time (Nt)
Number of individuals at previous time (Nt-1)
Number of births between t and t-1 (B)
Number of immigrants between t and t-1 (I)
Number of deaths (D)
Number of emigrants (E)

Question 13

What is are the factors under population dynamics?

Answer 13

• Population Growth
• Population Decline
• Maintenance of Populations

Question 14

What is the increase or decrease of local population densities?

Answer 14

Dispersal

Question 15

What is a type of dispersal where it enters into the population?

Answer 15

Immigration

Question 16

What is a type of dispersal where it goes out of the population?

Answer 16

Emigration

Question 17

What is part of larger population but limited dispersal?

Answer 17

Subpopulation

Question 18

What is a connected subpopulations by exchange of individuals?

Answer 18

Metapopulation

Question 19

What is survivorship + mortality?

Answer 19

Life Table

Question 20

What are table indicates individuals that are born during the same period?

Answer 20

Cohort Life Table

Question 21

What is the survival within a short time?

Answer 21

Static Life Table

Question 22

What is the formula for Per capita increase (r)?

Answer 22

r = (lnRo)/T

Question 23

What is the proportion of ages within a population?

Answer 23

Age Distribution

Question 24

What is the survivorship curve where juvenile survival is high and most mortality occurs among older individuals?

Answer 24

Type I

Question 25

What survivorship curve where individuals die at a high rate during juveniles and then at a much lower rates later in life?

Answer 25

Type III

Question 26

What survivorship curve where individuals die at equal rates regardless of age?

Answer 26

Type II

Question 27

What is the formula for Geometric Rate of Increase?

Answer 27

y = (Nt+1)/(Nt) Geometric Rate of Increase (y) Population in some future time (Nt+1) Population at earlier time (Nt)

Question 28

What is the formula for generation time?

Answer 28

T = (Elxmx)/Ro

Question 29

What is the formula for Per capita increase (r)?

Answer 29

r = (lnRo)/T

Question 30

What is the formula for Net Reproductive Rate?

Answer 30

Ro = Elxmx Net Reproduction Rate (Ro) Proportion of surviving population at age x (lx) Number of births at age x (mx)

Question 31

What is the relationship of variables in geometric and exponential growth?

Answer 31

As population size (N) increases, the rate of population increase (dN/dt) gets larger and larger.

Question 32

What is the formula for geometric growth and exponential growth?

Answer 32

dN/dt = rN Nt = Noe^(rt)

Question 33

What is the formula for logistic growth?

Answer 33

dN/dt = rmaxN(1 - N/K)

Question 34

What is the carrying capacity or theoretical maximum population?

Answer 34

K

Question 35

What does r < 0 interpret?

Answer 35

Population is declining

Question 36

What does r = 0 interpret?

Answer 36

Population is stable

Question 37

What does r > 0 interpret?

Answer 37

Population is increasing

Question 38

What does N < K interpret?

Answer 38

r is positive, population grows

Question 39

What does N = K interpret?

Answer 39

r is 0

Question 40

What does N > K interpret?

Answer 40

r is negative, population declines

Question 41

What is the relationship between r and population size?

Answer 41

r is inversely proportional to population size

Question 42

What factors are influenced by population density?

Answer 42

Density-dependent factors

Question 43

What factors are independent of population density?

Answer 43

Density-independent factors