M2 lectures Flashcards
why is intelligence important
- see who’s fit for the army
- determine if we should have universal education/do children benefit from school?
- determine who needs special ed
how was intelligence testing abused
used to require solving a jigsaw puzzle to immigrate in Ellis Island
what was the eugenics movement
sterilization/cleansing population of people with low IQ
limitations and biases of intelligence measurements
the measurements aren’t meant for kids
is intelligence affected by genes and environment?
yes, there’s a genetic predisposition that affects the environment
what is binet’s test of mental ability
binet intelligence test: screen for intelligence disorders in kids
- developmental approach: compare same aged children
- empirical approach: compaqre institutionalized vs. noninstitutionalized people
is intelligence stable? fixed?
stable but not fixed (can change with effort and early interventions)
what can IQ predict
- scholastic performance
- occupational success (better at predicting attainment and salary than performance)
what are pisa test scores for
compare US academic achievement to other countries
how can we improve academic achievement
- address parental/family stress and work environment
- parenting style
- school (not changing schools frequently)
current criticisms of US schools
- poor performance, should hold teachers accountable
- parents have different values and choose to homeschool
- teacher training should focus on quality
- emphasize individuals too much
similarities for math and english achievement gaps in US
long standing and not improving
- performance decreased during/after covid
math achievement gap in the US
bigger gap than english and the gap grows as kids age
achievement gap in english
smaller than math gap and doesn’t grow as kids age
how does the US rank in math, reading, and science
- way below average math, below top 25
- above average reading, in top 10
- above average science, in top 25
why does the US not perform well if we spend so much money on education
- spend less days in school
- school days are longer
- focus on individual and off-task activities
- longer summer vacation
- behind in early childhood education
- values education less
what is stereotype threat
if a child is aware of a negative stereotype that applies to them, they might not try as hard/have a worse performance
factors of school quality
- organization
- effective and motivated staff
- class size
- money spent (how, not how much)
results from meta analysis of math performance
no evidence of gender difference
- stereotype that men are better at math came from a bad study
- gave rise to idea that you need “raw brilliance”, innate ability to succeed
- stereotype that certain groups lack raw brilliance
- follows fixed mindset
how to measure school performance
- standardized tests: culturally biased, teachers may teach for the test, might reflect aptitude not mastery, expensive to collect data, can’t observe every class
- attendance/absentee rates: racial/ethnic bias, varies with age
- student knowledge and attitude: by continuation of education, employment status, and social function
intellectual disabilities definition
deficits in adaptive behavior and cognitive function
- signs appear early in a developmental period
causes of intellectual disabilities
- genetic conditions
- pre/perinatal events
- teratogens
- physical injury
- malnutrition
what sex is more likely to have an IDD
male
classifications of IDD severity levels
mild: equvalent of a 3-6 grader, can have a job and live independently
moderate: basic reading, writing, and safety - require some supervision
severe: unlikely reading and writing, can learn self help, require ongoing supervision
profound: require intense support and often have other medical conditions - have some verbal communication
what did the wild boy of aveyron show?
can learn adaptive behavior if not exposed to it at a young age, but will learn it slower and will not end in same place as normal person
what is adaptive behavior
physical construct of how to cope with natural and social daily demands - conceptual, social, and practical
diagnostic criteria for ASD
- social deficits
- repetitive behaviors and thoughts
- language/communication impairment
levels of ASD
1) mild: require support, can fxn independently
2) require substantial support
3) very substantial support, usually have other IDDs
recent trend in ASD diasnises?
increasing
why are less girls diagnosed?
- mask symptoms
- not interested in toys that are used to diagnose (oriented for boys)
causes of autism
- mostly genetic
- unknown environmental component
Hans Asperger contributions
- autistic psychopathy
- first person to write about autism
leo kanner
early infantile autism
- described children with essential characteristics we now call ASD
- resistant to change, developmental delay, social deficits, congenital nature
ole Ivar Louaas
looked for scientific intervention for ASD children
- early intensive behavioral intervention
temple grandin
- people didn’t believe her that she had ASD
- wrote “the autistic brain”
- could take livestock POV
Bruno bettelheim
- opened child ASD clinic (misrepresented credentials)
- wrote “the empty fortress” blamed ASD on mother’s care (refrigerator mothers)
bernie rimland
- statistician with ASD kids
- wrote first science based ASD handbook and rejected refrigerator mothers idea
- proposed it’s a psychobiological disorder
lorna wing
- notion of autism as a spectrum
should we have common core/standardized education?
- countries that outperform us are more centralized
- americans didn’t like common core because they thought it was federally imposed
- not federal
- inspired by other countries, evidence-based
false statements about common core
1) created by fed gov
2) mandate how and what to teach
3) requires standard testing
4) requires radical change in teaching
theories of social development
- psychoanalytic: freud; erikson’s 8 stages
- behaviorist
- ecological
- social learning
- sameroff’s transactional model
What’s similar and different between traditional theories of social development
similar:
- development in stages
- theoretical, NOT empirical
- emphasize importance of early development
- whole life span
- individual differences
different:
- role of nature vs nurture
- emphasis of context
- overall focus (personality, social relationships, etc)
- complexity
freud’s theory of social development
- had biggest impact on western culture
- distinct stages and erogenous zones from instinctual drives
- conflict at each stage that must be resolved
drawbacks of freud’s theory
- original “sample” was only people with clinical problems in vienna
- case studies, NOT empirical
current perspectives on freud
- theory not generalizable
- hard to test his theory
- is male oriented/negative view of females
what to keep from freud’s theory/good contributions
- emphasized early relationships
- one of the first life span theories
- introduced psychodynamic perspective (behavior comes from inner forces, memories, and conflicts)
- we all have unconscious biases (measure with implicit association test - measure reaction time to stimuli)
current view of psychotherapy
- controversial
- switch to scientific clinical psychology
surviving ideas from freud
- unconscious processes
- social development is cognitive not rational
- implicit association test
- implicit biases
- cognitive biases
main idea of erikson’s theory
- relationships are key to all aspects of development
- need to negotiate a conflict at each stage
erikson’s 8 stages
1) trust vs mistrust (0-1): trust caregiver to be responsive and sensitive?
2) autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3y): discover independence, test limits and assert own will; parental restriction leads to shame and doubt
3) initiative vs guilt (3-5y): develop purposeful behavior and acquire more responsibility; irresponsible –> guilt
4) industry vs inferiority (6-puberty): master knowledge and intellectual skills; feel competent and unproductive –> inferiority
5) identity vs role confusion (10-20): find out who you are; don’t care –> confusion/diffusion
6) intimacy vs isolation (20-30): intimate relationships, find and lose yourself (rosengren disagrees)
7) generativity vs stagnation (40-50): assist next generation to have useful lives; failure to contribute to society –> stagnation
8) integrity vs despair (60+): positive view of own life; neg view own life –> despair
current evaluation of erikson’s theory
- theory is still relevant for early childhood, adulthood, and old age
- erikson institute of chicago (focus on age 0-8 and relationships)
behaviorism theory of social development
- a response to freud
- BF Skinner introduced idea that environment shapes behavior (operant conditioning and reinforcement/punishment)
- modify behavior w/ cog behavior therapy
ecological theories of development
- many complex behaviors can’t be explained by punishment and reward
- konrad lorenz: focused on instinctive behavior, ethology, imprinting, and animal critical periods
nikolass tinbergen theory of social development
4 key questions
- causation (stimulation to response)
- development (change in behavior)
- evolution (similar behaviors to other species)
- function (for survival and reproduction)
irenaus eibl-eibeesfeld theory of social development
- cross cultural behaviors?
- univeral emotions?
- applied ethology to humans
- blind and deaf children show similar expressions and responses
modern social development
- attachment theory (from freud, erikson, and ethology)
- biological approaches: temperament theory (stable in individuals over time; probably genetic)
- social learning theory: learn by observing and imitation; overimitation; bobo doll studies
- ken dodge: social information processing (social development has many components: encode, interpret, form goal, strategize, evaluate success, behave)
overimitation
imitating nonfunctional behavior; can lead to developing rituals
bobo doll studies
child observes actor’s interaction with dummie
violent actor –> child behaves violently with doll
nonviolent actor –> child does not behave violently with doll
media influence on observational learning
- watching spongebob negatively influences executive function
- TV shows might not represent parental and cultural values
- worsens mental health
- violent video games may cause bad behavior
- body image
- who’s responsible for controlling media consumption and content?
sameroff’s theory of social development
combines many theories
how do psychological systems overlap to shape development
