chapter 10 emotional development

Question 1

darwin’s beliefs

Answer 1

emotion is innate and consistent across humans (from observing facial, verbal, gestural expressions)

Question 2

discrete emotions theory

Answer 2

innate and each have distinct set of bodily/facial reactions

emotional responses are automatic, not cognitive

proof: infants express recognizable emotions without being taught (similar reactions across cultures)

Question 3

functionalist perspective

Answer 3

emotion’s purpose is to achieve a goal - dif emotions are not separate

responses to subconscious environmental assessments

*exception: if child recognizes person is faking the emotion

Question 4

emergence of emotions - people mostly agree that

Answer 4

6 basic universal emotions: happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust

Question 5

how to interpret emotions in infants

Answer 5

observe face via AFFEX (emotional coding system that links facial expressions to emotions)

Question 6

development of happiness

Answer 6

smiling starts young

reflex

more frequent expression with age

0-1 mo: durign REM
1mo+: when stroked
3mo: social smiles
3-4 mo: smile/laugh from pleasure
5mo: smile at funny things

Question 7

development of fear

Answer 7

little firm evidence at young age

7mo: 1st signs and recognize in others

test early adaptive fear of strangers from 4-16mo (none at 4, some by 8)

8-24mo: sep anxiety in many cultures

preschool age: fear imaginary creatures

5-6yrs: differentiate fear of real vs imaginary things

Question 8

development of anger

Answer 8

response to frustration

adaptive self defense mech

1yo: clear and frequent

test when it develops using AFFEX every 4 mo from (4-16mo)

18-24 mo: most likely to react w/ anger, decreases when they can use their words

preschool: anger if harmed regardless of intent

young school age: anger if harm intended

Question 9

dev of sadness

Answer 9

infants show in same situations as anger

preschool: sad less freq than angry

young ch: when separated from parents

adaptive

Question 10

dev of disgust

Answer 10

adaptive to avoid poison

learn from parents

Question 11

dev of surprise

Answer 11

react to unexpected (not same as startled - phys rxn, reflex)

involves cognition

by 6mo

extent depends on parent emotional environment

Question 12

when do self conscious emotions arise

Answer 12

about 2yrs old (need to know they’re separate from other people)

Question 13

difference between guilt and shame

Answer 13

guilt: empathy for others, regret, desire to undo consequences of behavior

shame: feeling of personal failure, low self worth

Question 14

understanding of emotions across development

Answer 14

3mo: recognize some facial expressions

7mo: recognize facial expressions for fear, sadness, interest

12-14mo: cannot pair face with tone, 16-18mo can

2-3 yo: label puppet emotions

elem/middle school: label self conscious emotions

Question 15

did masks and covid affect emotional recognition with children

Answer 15

no

Question 16

consequence of neurodivergence and emotion recornigtion

Answer 16

difficulty interpreting

Question 17

how to measure emotional intelligence

Answer 17

fill in blank about self and abilities

Question 18

recognizing false emotions

Answer 18

1.5yo can recognize exaggerated false emotions

5yo can differentiate between emotion shown vs felt

Question 19

display rules

Answer 19

social norms for expressing/masking emotions for gender and country

Question 20

how to develop emotional regulation

Answer 20

learn from co-regulation with adults

first signs around 5mo: self comforting behavior and self distraction

Question 21

how to improve emotional regulation in neurodivergent children

Answer 21

cog behavior therapy

Question 22

still face paradigm

Answer 22

4mo 1.5ft from mother

controls: play 2 minutes with mother, mother ignores for 2 minutes

experimental: play 10 min, ignore 2 min

children get upset when ignored (their emotions are affected by parents’ behavior/reactions to ch’s emotions)

Question 23

thomas and chess temperament studies

Answer 23

Between person approach

interview parents and make 3 categories
1) easy
2) difficult
3) slow to wRM UP

Question 24

within person approach to temperament measurement

Answer 24

characterize every child with same set of dimensions

number dimensions unsure

every child has some level of each

Question 25

mary rothbart 5 temperament dimensions

Answer 25

fear, distress/anger/frustration, attn span, smiling/laughter

asses with child behavior questionnaire by parents/teachers

Question 26

pros and cons to parent reports vs lab data

Answer 26

parent reports: parents know child best, might be biased

lab data: less bias but may behave different (low external validity)

Question 27

determinants of temperament

Answer 27

genes: identical twins more similar than fraternal

environment: teratogens and parent behavior

active child: changes parent behavior

passive gene environment correlation: parent temperament changes child temperament by genes and home enviro

Question 28

orchids vs dandelions

Answer 28

orchids: sensitive - environment makes or breaks

dandelions: less sensitive - can do well in various environments

Question 29

internalizing mental disorders

Answer 29

depression and anxiety

Question 30

anxiety

Answer 30

with age, risk of non separation anxieties increases

33% genes but also enviroment

Question 31

depression

Answer 31

physical and cognitive changes

more girls report symptoms

most diagnosed in adolescence

genes and environment

Question 32

Tx for internalizing mental disorders

Answer 32

CBT and SSRIs