Chapter 8 intelligence/academic achievement Flashcards
pros and cons for testing intelligence
pros: IQ tests good for predicting academic achievement and designating special ed
cons: complex, bias tests, defining a person by their IQ is ethically questionable
what are 2 IQ tests for kids
stanford binet test: 2yo draw objects, find object, put shapes in holes
wechscler intelligence scale: most common test for children 6 and up - overall score and 5 subscores
what is IQ
intelligence quotient
quantitative measure of intelligence relative to peers of same age
continuity of IQ
stable through life, more consistent at older ages, score for one individual changes slightly between tests
what model shows how genes and enviro lead to intelligence?
bronfenbrenner
how do children contribute to their own intelligence development
their behavior and reactions it gets from others
choose own environment
how does the genetic component of intelligence change over time
weaker when young, stronger when older (adoptee intelligence resembles biological parents more as they age)
is there an intelligence gene
no - influenced by many alleles
3 relations between genes and environment that influence intelligence
passive: when bio parents raise bio child there’s an overlap of genes
evocative: when child influences other peoples’ behavior
active: child chooses own environment that they like
test to measure family influence on IQ
HOME (home observation for measurement of the enviro) from birth-3yrs
IQ score is positively correlated with HOME score for all ages and across many countries, BUT not causal
shared family environment
characters that are shared/same btwn all children in home
nonshared family environment
Dif children treated differently bc of birth order and genetics
what influences school performance more - yrs in school or age?
yrs in school
does school make kids smarter? how do we know?
yes bc avg IQ and test scores increase during school year but not over summer
effects of poverty in IQ
low SES doesn’t always = low IQ (but often associated with poor nutrition, lack of healthcare, emotional stress, lack of stimulation)
environmental risk scale
Sameroff’s way to assess many risk factors of low IQ
often, IQ is stable bc environment is also stable
how to help low SES families
early interventions: no lasting change in IQ but better academic outcomes
Carolina abcedarian project: enrichment program with long lasting increase IQ
project head start: US federal program for 3-4 yo. short term IQ interest and other long term benefits in performance
Howard Gardener’s theory of intelligence
multiple intelligences theory
everyone has at least 8 types
proof: brain damage results in dif outcomes depending on brain region
faults: doesn’t specify processes that lead to intelligence
robert sternberg’s theory
theory of successful intelligence
intelligence = ability to succeed with given circumstances
3 abilities (analytic, practical, creative)
why do children vary in difficulty with learning to read
5 steps to learning reading
0) birth-12 mo: alphabet and phonemic awareness
1) grades 1-2: phonological reading skills (sound it out)
2) grades 2-3: fluent simple reading
3) grades 4-8: learn from text
4) grades 8-12: learn from text from multiple POVs
pre-reading skills
alphabet, scanning L to R, going to next line, associated with better reading skills
2 ways of word identification
phonological recoding: visual form to speech form to meaning (use w/ new words)
visually based retrieval: process meaning straight from visual form (for familiar words)
reading abilities - stable? genetic?
stable over time in an individual
genetic and environmental
difficulty of generating writing compared to reading
writing is harder, more details
may rely on script to outline essays
arithmetic strategies
early variety - counting from 1 and retrieval
later, count from higher numbers and decomposition (break down problems)
conceptual understanding of arithmetic
knowing when to use which operations
why are there cultural differences in math abilities
asia > NA and europe because different amounts of emphasis and teacher quality
why math anxiety?
answer is either right or wrong and math is believed to be linked to intelligence
more in girls
decreased working memory
decrease math anxiety by showing examples of problems
math disability
normal IQ but difficulty with math from brain damage or lack of early exposure
