Chapter 8 intelligence/academic achievement

Question 1

pros and cons for testing intelligence

Answer 1

pros: IQ tests good for predicting academic achievement and designating special ed

cons: complex, bias tests, defining a person by their IQ is ethically questionable

Question 2

what are 2 IQ tests for kids

Answer 2

stanford binet test: 2yo draw objects, find object, put shapes in holes

wechscler intelligence scale: most common test for children 6 and up - overall score and 5 subscores

Question 3

what is IQ

Answer 3

intelligence quotient

quantitative measure of intelligence relative to peers of same age

Question 4

continuity of IQ

Answer 4

stable through life, more consistent at older ages, score for one individual changes slightly between tests

Question 5

what model shows how genes and enviro lead to intelligence?

Answer 5

bronfenbrenner

Question 6

how do children contribute to their own intelligence development

Answer 6

their behavior and reactions it gets from others

choose own environment

Question 7

how does the genetic component of intelligence change over time

Answer 7

weaker when young, stronger when older (adoptee intelligence resembles biological parents more as they age)

Question 8

is there an intelligence gene

Answer 8

no - influenced by many alleles

Question 9

3 relations between genes and environment that influence intelligence

Answer 9

passive: when bio parents raise bio child there’s an overlap of genes

evocative: when child influences other peoples’ behavior

active: child chooses own environment that they like

Question 10

test to measure family influence on IQ

Answer 10

HOME (home observation for measurement of the enviro) from birth-3yrs

IQ score is positively correlated with HOME score for all ages and across many countries, BUT not causal

Question 11

shared family environment

Answer 11

characters that are shared/same btwn all children in home

Question 12

nonshared family environment

Answer 12

Dif children treated differently bc of birth order and genetics

Question 13

what influences school performance more - yrs in school or age?

Answer 13

yrs in school

Question 14

does school make kids smarter? how do we know?

Answer 14

yes bc avg IQ and test scores increase during school year but not over summer

Question 15

effects of poverty in IQ

Answer 15

low SES doesn’t always = low IQ (but often associated with poor nutrition, lack of healthcare, emotional stress, lack of stimulation)

Question 16

environmental risk scale

Answer 16

Sameroff’s way to assess many risk factors of low IQ

often, IQ is stable bc environment is also stable

Question 17

how to help low SES families

Answer 17

early interventions: no lasting change in IQ but better academic outcomes

Carolina abcedarian project: enrichment program with long lasting increase IQ

project head start: US federal program for 3-4 yo. short term IQ interest and other long term benefits in performance

Question 18

Howard Gardener’s theory of intelligence

Answer 18

multiple intelligences theory

everyone has at least 8 types

proof: brain damage results in dif outcomes depending on brain region

faults: doesn’t specify processes that lead to intelligence

Question 19

robert sternberg’s theory

Answer 19

theory of successful intelligence

intelligence = ability to succeed with given circumstances

3 abilities (analytic, practical, creative)

Question 20

why do children vary in difficulty with learning to read

Answer 20

5 steps to learning reading

0) birth-12 mo: alphabet and phonemic awareness

1) grades 1-2: phonological reading skills (sound it out)

2) grades 2-3: fluent simple reading

3) grades 4-8: learn from text

4) grades 8-12: learn from text from multiple POVs

Question 21

pre-reading skills

Answer 21

alphabet, scanning L to R, going to next line, associated with better reading skills

Question 22

2 ways of word identification

Answer 22

phonological recoding: visual form to speech form to meaning (use w/ new words)

visually based retrieval: process meaning straight from visual form (for familiar words)

Question 23

reading abilities - stable? genetic?

Answer 23

stable over time in an individual

genetic and environmental

Question 24

difficulty of generating writing compared to reading

Answer 24

writing is harder, more details

may rely on script to outline essays

Question 25

arithmetic strategies

Answer 25

early variety - counting from 1 and retrieval

later, count from higher numbers and decomposition (break down problems)

Question 26

conceptual understanding of arithmetic

Answer 26

knowing when to use which operations

Question 27

why are there cultural differences in math abilities

Answer 27

asia > NA and europe because different amounts of emphasis and teacher quality

Question 28

why math anxiety?

Answer 28

answer is either right or wrong and math is believed to be linked to intelligence

more in girls

decreased working memory

decrease math anxiety by showing examples of problems

Question 29

math disability

Answer 29

normal IQ but difficulty with math from brain damage or lack of early exposure