friendship lecture Flashcards
what kind of relationship is there between peers?
horizontal: no power difference
functions of peer relations
- play companions
- role models
- instruction and criticism
- social comparison (can be good or bad)
- confide in them
- emotional support
piaget and vygotsky feelings toward peer relationships
piaget: thought they were important for development
vygotsky: thought it was better to have older peers
how do peer relations evolve over time
- more interaction with peers at younger ages (daycare and preschool)
- increase online friends with age
- over half ages 13-17 have at least one online friend
- only 20% actually met online friend
- long distance friendships aren’t new (pen pals)
sim and dif between internet friends and pen pals
pen pals: take time to write a letter, more depth, meaningful, not as spontaneous
effect of towns and cities on friendships
not conducive to child interactions; unsafe for them to roam around without parents in USA
Use of internet for friendships during covid
83% teens reported using internet to maintain contact
development of peer relations 0-2 yrs
- increase social interaction with age
- 6-12 months: interest in peers emerges early, smile and gesture at other babies
- 18-24 mo: coordinated interactions, imitation, start to assume complementary roles
development of peer relations, preschool age, 2-5 yrs
- increase complexity and reciprocity of interactions
- social and nonsocial play
development of peer relations, elementary school age
- more cooperative and complex play: games with formal and socially constructed rules, learn social agreement, emergence of true peer groups (interact regularly, informal organization/hierarchy - may emerge earlier with more daycare/preschool)
development of peer relations, adolescence
- sharp increase in time spent with peers
- emergence of cliques: small groups of friends with more formal structures, organized around perceived similarities, more peer pressure, conformity peaks in adolescence, provides sense of identity
- crowds: large reference groups that are loosely organized but have similar characteristics
nonsocial play 3 types
- unoccupied: briefly watch some event
- onlooker play: watch others play, without engaging with them
- solitary play: engage in own activity (first seen around 6mo, common before 2.5yr, focus on exploring objects, can involve pretense/pretend)
social play 3 types
- parallel: engage in similar activity but does not interact (common between 2-4yr, still occurs later)
- associative play: play with others in same activity but no shared goal (main purpose is to interact with someone else, common 3-5yr, low structure and no common goal, socializing is important, often involves dramatic play)
- cooperative play: engaged in common activity with shared goal (examples: building tall tower together, playing restaurant; common in 4+yr, goal is not necessarily to win)
other types of play
- competitive: more common 5+yr, more organized, emphasize winning, society is trying to introduce at younger age
cohort effects on play
- more daycare and preschool now –> less cross-sectional interactions with peers (different ages interacting)
- cultural/contextual differences –> unsure; most studies done in USA
- amount of time with parents/peers
