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MICROBIOLOGY > M1: Virus Viroids Prions & Fungi > Flashcards

M1: Virus Viroids Prions & Fungi Flashcards

0
Q

A complete infectious particle combing these structural elements. Can be envisioned as a delivery system that surrounds a nucleic acid payload.

A

Virion

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1
Q

Infectious particles. Acellular. Not considered living organisms. DNA or RNA, never both. They are obligate intracellular parasites.

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Infectious agents that are minimally constructed of two components. ______ either RNA or DNA but not both.

A

Viruses. Genome

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3
Q

Two components of Viruses

A

Genome & Capsid

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4
Q

A protein containing structure designed to protect the genome

A

Capsid

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5
Q

Viruses in coconut

A

Kadang kadang

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6
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites of plants. Acellular. Naked RNA. No human diseases known.

A

Viroids

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7
Q

Infectious protein composed entirely of protein which cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Highly resistant to inactivation. Do not elicit an inflammatory response or an antibody response.

A

Prions

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8
Q

Prions: pathogenic

A

Beta pleated sheet

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9
Q

Prions: non pathogenic

A

Alpha helix

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10
Q

Prions are infectious proteins: cellular form of the protein ______ is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA.

A

PrP

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11
Q

Prions are infectious proteins: is susceptible to protease and soluble in detergent

A

PrPc

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12
Q

Same AA, different protein

A

Conformers

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13
Q

Prions are infectious proteins: abnormal _________ modify folding of normal prion like proteins found in the body (code by human genes) and has high beta sheath content.

A

Isoform PrPsc

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14
Q

Present with cereberal problems

A

Kuru (kuria/guria)

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15
Q

Presenting symptoms are like dementia

A

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease

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16
Q

Appearance of the vacuolated neurons as well as their loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

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17
Q

Human prion diseases

A

CJD, Kuru, vCJD, GSS syndrome, FFI & Sporadic Fatal Insomnia

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18
Q

Also known as mad cow disease

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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19
Q

Impervious to standard viral disinfection procedures. Very long incubation periods. As long as 30 years.

A

Animal prion disease

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20
Q

Animal prion diseases

A

Scrapie, Transmissible milk encephalopathy, BSE & chronic wasting disease

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21
Q

From sheep and goats

A

Scrapie

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22
Q

From mule, deer & elk

A

Chronic wasting disease

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23
Q

Transmission of prions through cut in skin, transplantation of contaminated tissues, use of contaminated medical devices and ingestion of infected tissue.

A

Infected tissue

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24
Q

Susceptible population in prion’s disease

A

Women & Children of Foretribe in New Guinea, Neurosurgeon, transplant and patients

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25
Q

Progressive neurodegenerative disease. Loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks, loss of coordination, rapidly progressive dementia and death.

A

Prions

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26
Q

Treatment for Prions

A

No available

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27
Q

Type of nucleic acid found in the virus particle is perhaps the most fundamental and straightforward of viral properties

A

Viral genome

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28
Q

Most common forms of viral genomes found in nature

A

ssRNA & dsDNA

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29
Q

DNA viruses

A

Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Polyoma & Papilloma “HHAPPPPy”

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30
Q

RNA viruses

A

Coronavirus, Calicivirus, Hepevirus, Picornavirus, Flavivirus, Retrovirus & Togavirus “CCHeaP FaRT”

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31
Q

Range in size from 20-300nm. All have protein coat (capsid). Composed of repeating capsomeres. In some, covered with lipoprotein envelope.

A

Viral structure

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32
Q

Nucleic acid + capsid

A

Nucleocapsid

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33
Q

Shape Viral symmetry

A

Spherical (Icosahedral) or Helical

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34
Q

Are enveloped

A

Helical viruses

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35
Q

Can be enveloped or naked

A

Icosohedral viruses

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36
Q

Attachment to host cell receptors

A

Surface proteins

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37
Q

Interaction between nucleocapsid and envelope

A

Matrix protein

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38
Q

Evasion of host defenses

A

Antigenic (serotypic) variants

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39
Q

Lipid containing membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid.

A

Viral envelope

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40
Q

Acquired as the virus exits from the cell in a process called

A

Budding

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41
Q

All enveloped viruses acquire their enveloped viruses from plasma membrane except

A

Herpesvirus

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42
Q

Herpesvirus are from

A

Nuclear membrane

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43
Q

Are less stable and more easily inactivated

A

Enveloped viruses

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44
Q

Naked Viruses

A

Calici, Picorna, Reo, Parvo, Adeno, Papilloma & Polyoma “CPR PAPP”

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45
Q

All DNA viruses have double stranded DNA except

A

Parvovirus

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46
Q

All DNA viruses have linear DNA except

A

Papilloma, Polyoma & Hepadna

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47
Q

All DNA viruses are icosahedral except

A

Poxvirus

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48
Q

All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except

49
Q

All RNA viruses have single stranded RNA except

A

Reovirus & Rotavirus

50
Q

All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except

A

Influenza & Retrovirus

51
Q

All viruses are haploid except

A

Retroviruses

52
Q

Contain either DNA or RNA but not both. Genomes can either be single or double stranded. Genomes can either be positively or negative polarity. Some RNA viruses have a segmented genome.

A

Viral genome

53
Q

Segmented Genome

A

Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses(Influenza), Arenaviruses & Reoviruses “BOAR”

54
Q

Must transcribe negative strand to positive.

A

Negative stranded RNA viruses

55
Q

Brings its own RNA dependent RNA Polymerase

56
Q

Negative stranded RNA viruses

A

Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses & Rhabdoviruses “Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication”

57
Q

Distinguished from all other RNA viruses by the presence of an unusual enzyme, ____________ which converts a single stranded RNA viral genome into double stranded viral DNA.

A

Retroviridae. Reverse transcriptase.

58
Q

Can produce antigenic, drug resistant or attenuated variants.

59
Q

Causes epidemics. Influenza viruses.

A

Genomic reassortment

60
Q

One virus produces a protein that can be used by another virus. Example is hepatitis D & B.

A

Complementation

61
Q

Two different viruses infect the same cell

A

Phenotypic mixing

62
Q

Slow and progressive change in the antigenic composition of MO. Altered immunological responses and susceptibility.

A

Mutation Antigenic Drift

63
Q

Sudden change in the molecular structure of MO. New strains. Little or no acquired immunity to these novel strains. New epidemics or pandemics.

A

Antigenic shift

64
Q

Following initial attachment, the ability of a virus to infect other cells disappears.

A

Eclipse period

65
Q

For a period of time, then reaches a plateau after which no additional increase in virus yield occurs.

A

Exponential growth

66
Q

Visual or functional change in infected cells

A

Cytopathic effect

67
Q

Oncogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth

A

Malignant transformation

68
Q

Infected cells appear normal, but are producing large numbers of progeny virions

A

Commensal symbiosis

69
Q

Bind cytokines and block their ability to interact with receptors on their intended targets

A

Cytokine decoys

70
Q

Reduces the expression of antigen presenting cells and inactivate complement

71
Q

Of surface proteins

A

Antigenic variants

72
Q

Produces virus for long periods of time. Can serve as a source of infection for others.

A

Carrier state

73
Q

Not producing virus at the present but can be reactivated at a subsequent time

A

Latent infections

74
Q

Low incubation period often measured in years

A

Slow virus infections

75
Q

Finding antibody in one who previously had none

A

Seroconversion

76
Q

Can be used to diagnosed current infection

A

Presence of IgM

77
Q

Cannot be used to diagnose current infection. Antibody may be due to an infection in the past.

A

Presence of IgG

78
Q

Gold standard in viral diagnosis

A

Presence of viral DNA or RNA

79
Q

Eukaryotic ( true nucleus, 80s ribosomes, mitochondria) Complex carbohydrate cell walls: chitin, glucan & mannan.

80
Q

Major membrane sterol

A

Ergosterol

81
Q

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

A

Imidazole antifungals

82
Q

Bind more tightly to ergosterol than cholesterol

A

Polyene antifungals

83
Q

Fungi require organic carbon

A

Heterotrophic nutrition

84
Q

Living on dead organic material (DOM)

A

Saprophytic/Saprobic

85
Q

Fungus living on another organism

86
Q

Thermal dimorphism. Two basic forms of Fungi.

A

Molds & Yeasts

87
Q

Single cells & budding

88
Q

Hyphae & Mycelia. Mitosis.

89
Q

Septate hyphae

A

Transverse walls

90
Q

Nonseptate hyphae

A

Multinucleated

91
Q

Two types of host response

A

Granulomatous & Pyogenic responses

92
Q

Some can be detected by using this for delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

Skin tests

93
Q

Predisposes to disseminated disease

A

Reduce cell-mediated immunity

94
Q

Fungal Toxins & Allergies: liver necrosis due to amanitin & phylloidin

A

Amanita mushrooms

95
Q

Fungal Toxins & Allergies: ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grains causes liver cancer due to aflatoxin

A

Aspergillus flavus

96
Q

Fungal Toxins & Allergies: inhalation of the spores causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (IgE mediated)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

97
Q

Dissolves human cells allowing visualization

A

Microscopy of KOH preparation

98
Q

Low pH inhibits the growth of bacteria

A

Saboraud’s agar

99
Q

For early infection. Tests for fungal antigens or antibodies to fungal antigens.

A

DNA probes

100
Q

Infect only superficial keratinized structures. Transmission is thru direct contact (dogs & cats)

A

Dermatophytoses

101
Q

Three Important dermatophytes

A

Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum & Trichophyton tonsurans “MET”

102
Q

Athletes foot

A

Tinea pedis

103
Q

Jock itch

A

Tinea cruris

104
Q

Superficial skin infection of cosmetic importance. Hypopigmented areas. Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH.

A

Malasezzia furfur (Tinea Versicolor)

105
Q

Dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation. Occurs most often in gardeners, especially those who prune roses. Transmission is thorn prick.

A

Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis)

106
Q

Arthrospores form spherules filled with endospores. Granulomata in bones & CNS. Dissemination in those who have defective CMI.

A

Coccidioides Immitis

107
Q

Inhaled microconidia develop into budding yeast inside macrophages. Spreads to liver and spleen. Dissemination in those who have defective CMI.

A

Histoplasma Capsulatum

108
Q

Chronic PNA. Ulcerated granulomas. Lytic bone lesions. Prostatitis.

A

Blastomyces Dermatidis

109
Q

Chronic PNA. Painful ulcers on mouth & nose.

A

Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis

110
Q

Oral trush, vulvovaginitis, intertrigo, skin infections & onychomycosis

A

Candida Albicans Immunocompetent

111
Q

Esophagitis, subcutaneous nodules & right sided endocarditis

A

Candida Albicans Immunocompromised

112
Q

Curd like discharge

A

Vulvovaginitis

113
Q

Skin infections

A

Satellite lesions

114
Q

Asymptomatic lung infection. Meningitis. Encephalitis.

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

115
Q

Infections. Aspergilloma (fungus ball) in lung cavities.

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

116
Q

Asthmatic symptoms with expectoration of brownish bronchial plugs

A

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)

117
Q

Saprophytic molds with nonseptate hyphae with walls and branches at right angles. Rhino-orbital cerebral infection with eschar formation. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, burns or leukemia.

A

Rhizopus oryzae & Mucos spp. (mucormycosis)

118
Q

Are heterotryphic, non photosynthetic organisms. Can cause disease in the immunocompetent more so in the immunodeficient individual.

119
Q

Is directed at inhibiting structures unique to fungi minimize the risk of adverse effects on human cells

A

Antifungal therapy

MICROBIOLOGY (7 decks)

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