M1: Intro To Microbiology Flashcards
0
Q
38-41%
A
Bacteria
1
Q
Study of MO, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters; it also includes viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular.
A
Microbiology
2
Q
14-15%
A
Viruses
3
Q
22-23%
A
Fungi
4
Q
4-5%
A
Protozoa
5
Q
Formulated about spontaneous generation, equivocal generation, germ & cell theory and abiogenesis.
A
Aristotle
6
Q
Life from inanimate object. Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposition matter.
A
Spontaneous Generation
7
Q
Is an obsolete theory regarding the origin from inanimate matter, which held that this process was a commonplace and everyday occurrence, as distinguished from univocal generation, or reproduction from parent.
A
Equivocal generation
8
Q
Generally accepted to have been ultimately disproven in the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur, expanding upon the experiments of other scientists before him (such as Francesco Redi) who had performed similar experiments was succeeded by
A
Cell theory & Germ theory
9
Q
Refers to both the supposed process by which life would systematically emerge from sources other than seeds,eggs or parents and to the theories which explained the apparent phenomenon. Life emerges from nonliving matter.
A
Abiogenesis
10
Q
One form of life emerges from a different form
A
Heterogenesis/Xenogenesis
11
Q
First to observe living microbes. His single-lens magnified up to 300x. Father of Microbiology and considered to be first microbiologist. Known for his work on microscope. Observed single celled organisms.
A
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
12
Q
Single celled organisms
A
Animalcules
13
Q
Extended Antoine’s studies, organized bacteria into general & specifies according to taxonomic classification of microbes
A
Otto Muller
14
Q
Proved that micro-organisms were responsible for causing human disease. “Germ theory”
A
Friedrich Henle
15
Q
Cell described as the basic unit of life. Known for Law of Elasticity.
A
Robert Hooke
16
Q
Describes his microscopic & telescopic observations, and some original work in biology.
A
Microphagia
17
Q
Developed aseptic techniques. Developed rabies vaccine.
A
Louis Pasteur
18
Q
Identified cause of anthrax & TB. Koch’s Postulate. Inoculation of MO.
A
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch
19
Q
Noted syphilis, gonorrhea transmission. Specimen: prostitute’s vaginal discharge inoculate in penis.
A
John Hunter
20
Q
Principle of vaccination. Milder form of small pox.
A
Edward Jenner
21
Q
Patient transmission of cholera (H20 transmission) Disprove the miasma theory of cholera transmission. Father of Epidemiology.
A
John Snow
22
Q
Era of chemotherapy began when he discovered first antibacterial agent, a compound effective against the spirochetes that causes syphilis.
A
Paul Ehrlich
23
Q
Discovered penicillin
A
Alexander Fleming
24
Discovered sulfanilamide
Gerhard Domagk's
25
Discovered streptomycin
Selman Waksman
26
First to cultivate virus in cell cultures which led to vaccine development
John Enders
27
Microbes can be isolated in a disease. Isolate microorganisms, culture. If inoculate to healthy individual develop disease similar to the 1st perform. Can isolate it again same with the 1st person.
Koch's Postulate
28
Obligate intracellular. 18-600nm (mostly 200mn) Requires host cells for replication and enclosed in a protein shell with or without a lipid membrane coat.
Viruses
29
Viral like particles which do not contain nucleic acids
Prions
30
Contains both RNA & DNA
Mimivirus
31
Example of Obligate intracellular microbes
Chlamydia & Rickettsia
32
Most complex, eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular. 1-2um(protozoa) in diameter up to 10 meters(tapeworms) in length or arthropods.
Parasites
33
More complex cellular structure, eukaryotic organisms that contain a well-defined nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies and ER. Unicellular & Filamentous form. Dimorphic.
Fungi
34
Unicellular form & asexual
Yeast
35
Filamentous form. Asexual & Sexual.m
Molds
36
Replicate within the host, multiply to produce very large number of progeny, thereby causing an overwhelming infection.
Microparasites
37
Examples of microparasites
Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoa & Fungi
38
One infectious stage matures into one reproducing stage and in most cases, the resulting progeny leave the host to continue the cycle. Infection is determined by the numbers of organisms that enter the body.
Macroparasites
39
Examples of Macroparasites
Worms & Arthropods
40
Prokaryotic-simple unicellular organisms with no nuclear membrane, mitochondria, golgi bodies or ER. Asexual reproduction. Complex cell wall: gram positive & negative.
Bacteria
41
Protect the wall against the immune system and chemotherapeutic agents and stimulates pathogenic responses
Peptidoglycan
42
Thin peptidoglycan
Gram negative
43
Thick peptidoglycan
Gram positive
44
Is the only prokaryotes, the rest is eukaryote.
Bacteria
45
A distinct nucleus is absent. DNA is in the form a single circular chromosome, additional extrachromosomal DNA is carried in __________. Transcription & translation can be carried out simultaneously.
Prokaryotes. Plasmids.
46
DNA is carried on several chromosomes within a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane. Transcription requires formation of mRNA and movement of mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes
47
Translation takes place on
Ribosomes
48
Is rich in membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus & lysosomes) which are absent in prokaryotes.
Cytoplasm in Eukaryotes
49
To limit list of consideration of microbes, must know the
Normal flora
50
0.1% present in the intestine
E.coli
51
Location: Staphylococcus, corynebacterium, streptococcus & moxarella
Eye
52
Location: Lactobacillus spp & candida albicans
Urogenital tract
53
Location: streptococcus mutans, S.pneumoniae, s.aeureus & corynebacterium
Mouth & Nose
54
Location: bacteroides fragilis, enterococcus & e.coli
GIT
55
Location: staphylococcus aureus, s.epidermidis, streptococcus spp & propionibacterium acnes
Skin
56
Medtechs use E.coli for testing H20. If seen in H20, means
Fecal contamination
57
Protects you from the other microbes that can cause diarrhea
GI normal flora
58
GI normal flora disturbance. Limited to bacteria in the skin normal flora.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
59
Should be left at room temperature or in an incubator at 5°C
Blood
60
Transport at room temperature
CSF
61
Transport rapidly to the laboratory
Neisseria species
62
Probability that a test will be positive in the presence of a pathogen (all infected patients are detected)
Sensitivity
63
Probability that a test will be negative if the pathogen is not present (all positive patients are infected)
Specificity
64
Cheapest. For initial detection of microbes.
Microscopy
65
Most common. Cannot be used for all bacteria (acid fast bacteria, endospore) Differentiate bacterial species into two large group (gram + & -) based on the chemical properties of their cell walls.
Gram Stain
66
Two types of bacteria with similar clinical symptoms
Streptococcus pneumoniae & Klebsiella pneumoniae
67
Need these to completely or definitely classify bacteria (Gram Stain)
Gram variable & Gram indeterminant
68
Means they may stain either negative or positive. Some organisms are not susceptible to either stain used by the Gram technique
Gram variable
69
Have a thinner layer (10% of cell wall), which stains red. Outer membrane contains lipids, and is separated from the cell wall by the _____________.
Gram negative bacteria. Periplasmic space.
70
Thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell wall) which stains purple.
Gram positive
71
Steps in Gram Stain: 1. ________ bacterial smear. To adhere to the slide.
Heat fix
72
Steps in Gram Stain: 2. Apply the __________. (+) peptidoglycan (-) outer membrane.
Crystal violet
73
Steps in Gram Stain: 3. Apply Gram's _________. Mordant. Fixes the crystal violet to the bacterial cell wall.
Iodine
74
Steps in Gram Stain: 4. Rapid decolorization with ____________. (+) purple (+) colorless.
Alcohol/Acetone
75
Steps in Gram Stain: 5. Counterstain with __________. (+) purple (-) red
Safranin
76
Physical property of some bacteria referring to their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. Uncommon characteristics shared by Mycobacterium & Nocardia. Difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques.
Acid Fast Bacteria
77
Cover with tissue paper. Flood slide with carbofuschin, the primary stain, for 2 minutes while heating with steam or heating on hot plate. Remove paper cover, decolorize slide with mixture of HCL acid & ethanol. Counterstain with __________.
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain. Methylene Blue.
78
Isolate endospores. Stain endospores green and any other bacterial bodies red. The green stain is ___________. Counter stain is _________ which dyes any other bacterial bodies red.
Schaeffer-Fulton Stain. Malachite green. Safranin.
79
Dormant, tough & non reproductive structure procedure by certain bacteria from _________ phylum. (Bacillus & Clostridium) suggestive of the bacterium changing internally to a spore or seedlike form. Important when the bacterium is experiencing an environment that is deleterious to the usual vegetative state of the bacterium.
Endospores. Firmicute.
80
Allow the endospore to show up as red, while the rest of the cell stains blue.
Moeller stain
81
Enable the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress. When the environment returns to favorable, this can reactive itself to the vegetative state. Consists of bacterium's DNA & part of its cytoplasm. It can survive without nutrients. Resistant to ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, high temperature & chemical disinfectants. Are commonly found in soil & water.
Endospore
82
Detects fungi. Dissolves human cells. Only fungal cells remain to be seen under the microscope. It denatures the proteins in the human cells. Athlete's foot, fungal vaginitis and many other fungal infections.
Potassium Hydroxide Test (KOH)
83
Method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory conditions. Importance are for diagnostic purposes & prognosis of disease. Uses Agar solid & Broth liquid. Shapes of bacterium.
Microbe cultivation
84
Just to grow bacteria in general
Enriched Non-Selective Media
85
Some will grow some will not
Selective Media & Differential media
86
Specific for micro organisms
Specialized media
87
Single celled prokaryotes form a long circular DNA molecule but not contained within a defined nucleus. Many are motile. Reproduced by binary fission, both aerobic & anaerobic. Classification uses both phenotypic & genotypic data.
Bacteria
88
For motility
Flagella
89
Smallest bacteria around 0.1-0.2um in diameter
Chlamydia & Ricketssia
90
Bacterial Structure: genetic info is carried in a long __________ circular molecule of DNA.
Double stranded
91
Bacterial Structure: No _______ is present and the DNA is tightly coiled into the nucleoid.
Nuclear membrane
92
Bacterial Structure: Genetic info is extrachromosomal, present as small circular self-replicating DNA molecules termed _______.
Plasmids
93
Bacterial Structure: _______ contains no organelles other than ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Cytoplasm
94
Bacterial Structure: Uses a smaller ribosome, the ______ ribosome. Target of antimicrobials (alino glycosides)
70s
95
For transport of nutrients
Protein
96
All bacteria are surrounded by a complex cell wall except
Mycoplasma
97
Are the principal molecules of the outer membrane. Hydrophilic (through porins) & Hydrophobic.
Lipopolysaccharides & Lipoprotein
98
Lipopolysaccharides: _______ from CHO chains
O antigens
99
Lipopolysaccharides: _______ from lipid A component
Endotoxin
100
Disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis
Beta lactam & Glycopeptide antibiotics
101
Can digest peptidoglycan
Lysozymes (body secretion)
102
For protection from phagocytosis. Polysaccharide. Stain: india ink, quelung (use antibody, serologic identification & (+) swelling)
Capsules
103
Protection against phagocytosis by host cells and important in determining virulence
Capsules of anthrax bacilli
104
Cause a fatal infection
Capsulated streptococcus pneumonia
105
Cell wall have lipoechoic acid. The stain gets trapped in a thick, cross linked, meshlike structure, the peptidoglycan layer, which surrounds the cell. 20-80nm thick of peptidoglycan, hydrophilic.
Gram positive
106
Thin peptidoglycan layer does not retain the crystal violet stain. Cells must be counterstained with _______ and turned red. 5-10nm thick of peptidoglycan. Serves as antigenic determinant but varies.
Gram negative bacteria
107
Once Gram (-) is lyse, this is released; cause fever.
Lipid A
108
Serves as antigenic determinant but varies
Lipopolysaccharides
109
Shape and identification of bacteria. For protection and contains proteins.
Cell wall
110
Long helical filaments extending from the cell surface. For motility.
Flagella
111
Bacteria flagella is independent of
ATP
112
Protein & strongly antigenic
Flagellins
113
Flagella: singly
Polar
114
Flagella: cluster/clump
Iophotrichous
115
Flagella: distributed over the general surface of the cell
Peritrichous
116
For attachment to other bacteria (sex pili) or to host cells (common pili)
Pili/Fimbrae
117
All gram (-) has lipid A and only 1 gram (+)
Listeria Gram (+)
118
2 cocci
Streptococcus & Staphylococcus
119
2 spore forming
Bacillus anthracis & Clostridium tetani
120
No spore
Corynebacterium & Listeria
121
Can destroy bond of the bacteria
Man's lysosome
122
L isomer of LAA
Eukaryotes
123
D LAA
Prokaryotes
124
Microbial genetics: know that it is bacteria
Get D-AA
125
Destroyed by penicillin
Transpeptidase
126
Single enzyme test for Staphylococcus
Catalase test
127
Single enzyme test for Streptococcus pneumoniae
Oxidase test
128
Single enzyme test for Helicobacter pylori (rapid test)
Urease test
129
Single enzyme test for S. Aureus (confirmatory test)
Coagulase test
130
Oxidative metabolism takes place at the
Membrane-cytoplasm interface
131
Equalize the intra and extracellular concentrations
Facilitated diffusion
132
Increase intracellular concentrations of a substrate.
Active transport
133
Grown in media with glucose and inorganic salts
E.coli
134
Needs many organic compounds for growth
Streptococci
135
Aerobic metabolism, number of ATP produce
38
136
Utilizing an inorganic final hydrogen acceptor(fermentation) is much less efficient and produces only 2 molecules of ATP
Anaerobic metabolism
137
Period of adjustment
Lag Phase
138
Cell division with the population doubling at a constant rate
Generation time
139
Cell growth slows to a stop
Stationary phase
140
Phase of decline
Death
141
Cell division (chained, paired & clustered) segregation of the replicated genomes. Division of a cell to give a separate daughter cells.
Septation
142
Formed by an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and ingrowth of the peptidoglycan cell wall
Septum
143
Target the processes involved in bacterial growth and division
Antimocrobials
144
Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan cell wall
Glycopeptides (vamcomycin)
145
Inhibit the unwinding of DNA by DNA Gyrase during DNA replication
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin)
146
Highly resistant spores. Dipicolinic acid and high calcium content. Abundant in soils. Clostridium & Bacillus. Survival under adverse conditions.
Endospores
147
The process involved in decoding the genetic info contained within a gene to produce a functional protein or RNA molecule
Gene Expression
148
Carries the info that defines the properties and processes of a cell
DNA
149
Total genetic information; comprise of one parental strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand
Genome
150
Origin of replication
OriC
151
Initiate unwinding & separation of the two DNA strands (each separated DNA strands (each separated DNA strands serve as a template for DNA polymerase)
Helicase & Topoisomerase
152
Capable of proofreading newly incorporated deoxyribonucleotides and excising those that are incorrect.
DNA Polymerase
153
Translate into proteins. Most genes.
mRNA
154
Scaffold for assembling ribosomal subunits
rRNA
155
Participate in decoding mRNA into functional proteins
tRNA
156
A component of RNA polymerase that is important in promoter recognition region. Control the expression of genes.
Sigma factor a
157
Nucleotide sequences in DNA that can bind the RNA
Promoters
158
Transcription terminal protein
Rho
159
Encodes the protein required for the uptake and metabolism of lactose
Lac operon
160
Cholera toxin from
Vibrio cholera
161
________ of uropathogenic E.coli which mediate colonization.
Fimbriae
162
Start codon
AUG
163
Stop codons
UAA, UGA & UAG
164
Regions of DNA to which regulatory proteins bind
Operator site
165
Increase the rate of transcription initiation. Positive regulation.
Activators
166
Inhibit transcription. Negative regulation.
Repressors
167
A global regulatory protein that controls the expression of multiple gene
Camp-dependent catabolite activator protein (CAP)
168
Example of Camp-dependent catabolite activator protein (CAP) bacteria
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
169
Regulator component: detect environmental changes
Sensor
170
Regulator component: activate or repress transcription
DNA-binding protein
171
Inhibit RNA Polymerase
Rifampicin
172
Control of virulence gene expression in Vibrio Cholera
ToxR
173
Activates the transcription of other virulence genes such as toxin-co-regulated pili (colonization)
ToxT
174
Primary reservoir of genetic information within the cell
Bacterial chromosome
175
Independent self replicating & circular units of dsDNA
Plasmids
176
Different codons specify the same AA
Silent mutations
177
AA substitution may or may not alter its stability or functional properties
Missense mutations
178
Formation of stop codon causing premature termination and production of truncated protein
Nonsense mutation
179
Both bacteria inoculated. Take antibiotic but only affected to 1 bacterium. Bacteria has antibiotic resistance and implanted to the gene.
Transformation
180
Like transformation but uses bacteriophage
Transduction
181
Sex pilus used. Donor bacteria may transfer antibiotic resistance gene to another.
Conjugation
182
Transposon. Mobile genetic material that incorporate to recipient bacteria, these transposon may trigger mutation, triggering antibiotic resistance.
Transposition
183
Encodes CHON
mRNA
184
Encodes AA
tRNA
185
Gene expression transcription
DNA dependent Polymerase
186
Detect, identify and quantity antigen and antibody response
Serologic Diagnosis
187
Capsular swelling. Slide agglutination test.
Antigen test
188
Immunoprecipitation techniques, elisa, western blot, compliment fixation, latex agglutinations & RIA
Antibody test
189
For capsule
Quelung
190
Acts on linkage to NAM
Cyclosporine
