M1: Intro (Book) Flashcards by Adams Bruce Al-os

Simple in structure. Prokaryotic. Has simple unicellular organisms with no nuclear membrane, mitochondria, golgi bodies & ER. Cell wall is complex.

Bacteria

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Smallest infectious particles. 18-600nm. Less than 200nm can’t be seen in microscope. Contain DNA or RNA but not both.

Viruses

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More complex. Eukaryotic organisms. Well defined nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies & ER. Dimorphic.

Fungi

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Unicellular form that can replicate asexually

Yeast

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Filamentous form that can replicate asexually & sexually.

Mold

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Dimorphic Fungi

Histoplasma, Blastomyces & Coccidiodes “HBC”

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Most complex eukaryotic microbes. Can be unicellular & multicellular. Life cycles are equally complex w/ some parasites establishing a permanent relationship with humans & others going through series of developmental stages.

Parasites

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Vital for developing a differential diagnosis and an approach to control & prevention of parasitic infections

Epidemiology

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Best prevention & cure for microbial disease

Innate & Immune responses

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Organism that produce many manifestations of disease

Staph Aureus

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Many organisms to produce the same disease

Meningitis

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Arise when a person is exposed to organisms from external sources

Exogenous infection

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Produced by organisms in the persons own microbial flora that spread to inappropriate body sites where the disease can ensue

Endogenous infection

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Plays an important role in the diagnosis & control infectious diseases

Clinical microbiology laboratory

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Based on the ability of the organism to grow, transport conditions mist ensure the viability of the pathogens.

Diagnostic tests

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Study of interactions between animals and MO

Medical Microbiology

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Play a critical role in human survival

Microorganism

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Is in a continual state of flux determined by variety of factors

Microbial flora

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Can be for a short period of time(hours or days, transiently or permanently. Do not interfere with normal body functions.

Colonization

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Occurs when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage of human host.

Disease

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Organisms always associated with human disease

Strict pathogens

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Organisms that are typically members of the patient’s normal microbial flora. Do not produce disease in their normal setting but established disease when they are introduce in unprotected sites.

Opportunistic pathogens

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A large scale project has been initiated to characterize comprehensively the human microbiota and analyze its role in human health and disease.

Human Microbiome Project

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Most common anaerobic bacteria

Peptostreptococcus

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Most common aerobic bacteria

Streptococcus

Rarely responsible for pharyngitis

S.pyogenes

Most common organism colonizing the outer ear is

Coagulase negative Staphylococcus

The surface of the eye is

Coagulase negative staphylococci

May lead to polymicrobial disease in which anaerobes are the predominant pathogens

Chronic Aspiration

Rare cause of disease in the lower airway

C. Albicans

Cause most infections in the esophagus

Herpes simplex virus & Cytomegalovirus

Cause of gastritis and ulcerative disease

H. Pylori

Obstructed small intestine

Blind loop syndrome

More microbes are present in here that anywhere else in the human body.

Large Intestine

Is a minor member of the intestinal flora but the most common anaerobe responsible for intraabdominal disease.

Bacteroides fragilis

Most common bacteria in large intestine but are rarely responsible for the disease

Eubacterium & Bifidobacterium

Can disrupt the colonic flora & produce significant intestinal disease

Entamoeba Histolytica

Areas of the GUT that are permanently colonized with microbes

Anterior Urethra & Vagina

Are common causes of urethritis and can persist as asymptomatic colonizers of the urethra

N. gonorhea & C. Trachomatis

Common cause of vaginitis

N. Gonorrhea

More diverse and dramatically influenced by hormonal factors

Vagina

Most common organisms found on the skin surface

Gram positive bacteria

Factors that determine the population of organisms that colonize humans are complex and include

Health, hormonal state, Age, Personal hygiene & Diet "HHAPD"

Represents the total destruction of all microbes, including the more resilient forms

Sterilization

Results in the destruction of most organisms

Disinfection

Used to reduce the number of microbes on the skin surfaces

Antisepsis

Useful for removing fungi and bacteria from air or from solutions

Filtration

Vapors are effective sterilants because of the oxidizing nature of the gas

Hydrogen peroxide

Used for items involved with invasive procedures that cannot withstand sterilization procedures

High level disinfectants

Used to treat noncritical instruments and devices

Low level disinfectants

Used to clean surfaces or instruments where contamination with bacterial spores and other highly resilient organisms is unlikely

Intermediate level disinfectants

Effectiveness is greatest when applied in under pressure. Boiling heat is done.

Moist heat

Very effective form of sterilization

Autoclave

Effective if applied at a high temperature for a long duration

Dry heat

A slow process influenced by the concentration of gas, relative humidity, exposure time & temp.

Ethylene oxide sterilization

Most common commercial chlorine

Bleach

Act by disrupting lipid-containing membranes, resulting in a leakage of cellular contents.

Phenolic compounds

Used extensively as disinfectants

Halogens

Most effective halogens available for disinfection

Iodine compound

Visible light passes through a condenser, then through the object under observation and finally through a series of lenses to magnify the image. Used to examine specimens placed on glass slides.

Brightfield microscopy

Illuminates objects with parallel beams of light that move out of phase relative to each other. This allows objects to appear as 3D and useful for observing internal structures.

Phase contrast microscopy

Uses the same series as brightfield. However special condenser is used to illuminate the subject material from an oblique angle. Used to detect organisms that are too thin to be observed.

Darkfield microscopy

Uses high pressure mercury, halogen or xenon vapor lamps that emit a short wavelength of light to illuminate the object. Very usedul for organisms with natural fluorescence.

Fluorescent microscopy

Used to commonly detect bacteria, parasites & blood borne pathogens.

Differential stains

Alkali used in direct examination method

KOH

Ink darkens the background rather than the cell

India ink method

Best known and most widely used stain and forms the basis for the phenotypic classification of bacteria

Gram Stain

Used to identify blood parasites and other selected MO

Wright Giemsa

The oldest method used in acid fast stain but requires heating the specimen during the staining procedure

Ziehl Neelsen

Stain of choice because a large area of the specimen can be examined rapidly by simply searching for fluorescing organisms against a black BG

Fluorochrome method

Used to stain bacteria and fungi

Acridine orange stain

Stains the chitin in fungal cell walls

Calcofluor white

Important respiratory pathogen

Legionella

Important enteric pathogen

Campylobacter

Important bacterium responsible for STD

Chlamydia

Cause of staphylococcal shock syndrome produces disease by release of a toxin into the circulatory system.

Staph aureus

Recovery of bacteria and fungi

Blood agar

Recovery of bacteria including haemophilus & N. Gonorrhea

Chocolate Agar

Bacterial susceptibility test medium

Mueller Hinton Agar

Selective for gram negative bacteria differential for lactose fermenting species

MacConkey agar

Recovery of corynebacterium diphtheria

Cystine tellurite agar

Amplified by PCR using universal primers that recognize large groups of bacteria, and then specific sequences within the gene are amplified and sequenced to determine individual bacteria & strains.

Gene for 165 Ribosomal RNA

Can be used to determine the number of genome copies

Quantitative RT-PCR

Used to demonstrate the presence of CMV(urine) & HPV(pap smear) DNA

In situ hybridization

Used to detect viral sequences in the urine or the baby's blood

PCR

Can be detected by RT-PCR analysis of RNA isolated from blood

Viral genome

Sensitive and specific tools to detect, identify and quantitate the antigens from microbes.

Antibodies

Recognize individual epitopes on antigen

Monoclonal antibodies

Used to detect and quantify antigens

Single radial immunodiffusion

Used to determine the relatedness of different antigens

Ouchterlony immuno double diffusion

Identifying & quantifying lymphocytes

Flow cytometer

Flow cytometer that can also isolate specific subpopulations of cells for tissue culture growth on the basis of their size & immunofluorescence.

FACS

Used to quantitate the soluble antigen in a patient's sample. Home pregnancy test for the HCG hormone.

ELISA

Viral proteins separated by electrophoresis according to their molecular weight or charge are transferred to a filter paper

Western blot analysis

Used to quantitate the antigen-antibody complexes

RIA

Used to identify the infecting agent, evaluate the course of an infection or determine its nature.

Serology

Is the inverse of the greater dilution or lowest concentration of a patient's serum that retains activity in one of the immunoassays just described.

Titer