M1 Flashcards
Is the chemistry of carbon-containing compounds.
Organic Chemistry
What are examples of carbon that are not classified as organic compounds (5)?
Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Oxides of Carbon, Carbides, Cyanides
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon that usually contain ________.
Hydrogen
Organic compounds may also contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or any of the _______, as well as a host of other carbonaceous derivatives.
Halogens
Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science by?
Jon Jacob Berzelius
Jon Jacob Berzelius classified chemical compounds into the two groups.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
He believed in vitalism.
Jon Jacob Berzelius
The idea that organic compounds could only originate from living organisms through the action of some vital force.
Vitalism
He discovered that urea, an organic compound, could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).
Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler’s discovery also represented the discovery of _________ - the possibility of two or more different structures based on the same chemical formula.
Isomerism
He established the foundation for the structural theory in organic chemistry.
Friedrich August Kékulé
What are three (3) generally accepted sources of organic compounds?
Carbonized organic matter - Living organisms - Invention
Are organic compounds flammable or inflammable?
Flammable
Organic compounds are __________ bonded.
Covalently
Carbon always forms ____ covalent bonds.
Four (4)
Hydrogen always forms ___ covalent bond.
One (1)
Are most organic compounds soluble or insoluble in water?
Insoluble
Organic compounds with less than _ carbon atoms are soluble in water.
3
Organic compounds with _ to _ carbon atoms are slightly soluble in water.
4-5
Organic compounds with _ carbon atoms and above are insoluble in water.
6
Are organic compounds soluble in polar or non-polar organic solvents?
Non-polar
Are organic compounds electrolytes or nonelectrolytes?
Nonelectrolytes
Do organic compounds have high or low melting or boiling points?
Low
Do organic compounds exhibit isomerism?
Yes
Involves the ‘sharing’ of a pair of electrons between two atoms and this leads to the formation of a bond holding the two atoms together.
Covalent Bond
Is most often used to describe the bonding in organic molecules.
Valence Bond Theory
In this model, bonds are considered to form from the overlap of two atomic orbitals on different atoms, each orbital containing a single electron.
Valence Bond Theory
Orbitals that overlap extensively form bonds that are _______ than those that have less overlap.
Stronger
Is a covalent bond in which the electron density is concentrated in the region along the internuclear axis.
Sigma (σ) bond
Is a type of covalent bond that results from the side-by-side overlap of two p orbitals.
Pi bond (π bond)
In this bond, the regions of orbital overlap lie on opposite sides of the internuclear axis.
Pi bond (π bond)
Between any two atoms, the first bond formed will always be a _ bond, but there can only be one _ bond in any one location.
Sigma σ
Is a concept of mixing two atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give a degenerated new type of orbitals.
Hybridization
Hybridization a concept of mixing two ______ ________ with the same energy levels to give a degenerated new type of orbitals.
Atomic Orbitals
Is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry, molecular shapes, and bonding properties.
Hybridization
It is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent orbitals.
Diagonal or sp hybridization
sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form ___ new equivalent orbitals.
Two
In sp hybridization, __ and __ are unhybridized.
py and pz
sp hybridization forms linear molecules with an angle?
180 degrees
It is observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form three equivalent orbitals.
Trigonal or sp2 hybridization
sp2 hybridization is observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form _____ equivalent orbitals.
Three
In sp2, all the three hybrid orbitals remain in one plane and make an angle of ___° with one another.
120 degrees
In sp2 hybridization, __ is unhybridized.
pz
sp2 hybridization has a __________ planar shape.
Triangular Planar
It is observed when one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent orbital.
Tetrahedral or sp3 hybridization
sp3 hybridization is observed when one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form ____ new equivalent orbital.
Four
The orbitals in sp3 make an angle of ___°__’ (minutes) with one another.
109°28’
