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Histology > lymphoid system 2 > Flashcards

lymphoid system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

antigens are

A

any molecule that is recognized by cells of the adaptive immunity
- usually surface proteins of a pathogen

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2
Q

antibodies are:

A

glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin family that interact directly with antigens
- B lymphocytes>Plasma>antibodies

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3
Q

classes of antibodies
(Ig=immunoglobulin)

A
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgA
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4
Q

IgE

A
  • primarily in plasma
  • in presence of allergies
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5
Q

IgG

A
  • most common
  • in the plasma
  • neutralize antigens
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6
Q

IgA

A
  • primary secretory immunoglobulin
  • in saliva and milk
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7
Q

innate immunity

A
  • immediate
  • non specific
  • physical barriers
  • targets wide variety of pathogens
  • neutrophils
  • toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  • natural killer cells (NKC)
  • antimicrobial chemicals produced by leukocytes
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8
Q

antigen presenting cells include:

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells in lymphoid organs
  • thymic epithelial cells
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9
Q

stimulated phagocytosis

A

directed cell killing by innate immune cells

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10
Q

marginating compartment

A

compartments where diapedesis occurs as well as different locations on endothelial lining (step 3)

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11
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • specific
  • mediated by lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
  • has ability to remember specific pathogens (memory)
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12
Q

a molecule recognized by cells are called

A

antigens

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13
Q

antigens consist of

A

soluble molecules (proteins and polysaccharides)

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14
Q

immune cells recognize and react to

A

small molecular domains of the antigen known as antigenic determinants or epitopes (site of binding)

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15
Q

immune response can be

A
  • cellular
  • humoral
  • both
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16
Q

cellular immune response is controlled by

A

lymphocytes

17
Q

humoral immune response is controlled by

A

antibodies

18
Q

characteristics of immunoglobulins

A
  • heterotetomers bonded by disulfide bonds
  • end terminal region is variable
  • Fc region
19
Q

heterotetomers of antibodies include

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains

20
Q

IgG and IgA have the ability to

A
  • bind specifically and neutralize viral/bacterial toxins
  • agglutinate bacterial cells
  • precipitates soluble antigens
21
Q

NK cells activation

A
  • antibodies bound to antigen on virus infected cells
  • recognized by primitive lymphocytes
  • activated to kill infected cell by releasing perforin and granzymes
22
Q

Major Histological complex has

A

2 classes

23
Q

MHC class I

A
  • self antigen
  • T cells recognize this and do not bind to the cells this marker is on
  • presents on surface of nucleated cells
  • is not presented on RBCs and platelets
24
Q

MHC class II

A
  • foreign antigen
  • T lymphocytes recognize this marker, bind, and eliminate the marked cell
25
Q

markers of T lymphocytes

A

CD4 and CD8

26
Q

CD4 marked T cells

A
  • are helper T cells
  • bind to MHC class II presenting cells
  • produce cytokines to differentiate B cells into plasma cells
  • can become long lived memory T cells
  • can help activate cytotoxic T cells
27
Q

CD8 marked T cells

A
  • are cytotoxic T cells
  • trigger apoptosis in MHC class I (self) presenting cells that are infected
  • activated by helper T cells (CD4) to help eliminate MHC II (toxic) presenting cells
28
Q

T cell maturation

A
  • occurs in thymus
  • positive selection
  • negative selection
29
Q

positive selection

A
  • first step in maturation
  • occurs in cortex
  • checks to see if T cells bind to MHC molecule presented
  • if yes = survive and move to medulla (weak binding is good enough)
  • if no = death - because if they cannot bind to MHC they cannot carry out their function
30
Q

negative selection

A
  • second step in maturation
  • happens in medulla of thymus
  • checks to see if T cells bind to MHC I
  • if yes = cell dies
  • if no = cell survived maturation and can leave thymus
31
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

the passage of blood cells through the walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

Histology (12 decks)

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