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Histology > blood, bone marrow, & hemopoiesis > Flashcards

blood, bone marrow, & hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood and bone marrow

A
  • transport (O2, CO2, hormones, etc)
  • thermoregulation
  • maintain pH and osmotic balance*
  • pathway for WBC migration in body
  • source of interstitial fluid (ECM and edema)
  • development
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2
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the process of producing blood and bone marrow

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3
Q

blood and lymphatic cells come from…

A

lateral mesoderm

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4
Q

composition of whole blood (in order of sedimentation and % comp)

A
  1. plasma (55%)
  2. buffy coat (<1%)
  3. erythrocytes (44%)
    * in order of sedimentation!!**
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5
Q

plasma composition

A
  • 92% water
  • 7% plasma proteins (58% albumin, 37% globulins, 4% fibrinogens)
  • respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
  • electrolytes
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6
Q

buffy coat composition

A
  • platelets
  • leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)
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7
Q

formed elements inlcude

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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8
Q

how do you distinguish elements of blood smear?

A

use of wright/geimsa stain
- nuclei stain purple
- erythrocytes stain pink

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9
Q

erythrocyte is also known as

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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10
Q

platelets are also known as

A

thrombocytes

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11
Q

leukocytes include:

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
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12
Q

granulocytes include:

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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13
Q

neutrophils

A
  • phagocytose (kill) bacteria
  • increase in number in acute bacterial infections
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14
Q

eosinophils

A
  • phagocytose (kill) parasites
  • antigen-antibody complexes
  • increase in number with parasitic infections
  • secrete histaminase (inactivates histamine)
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15
Q

basophils

A
  • involved in anticoagulation (inflammation)
  • increases vascular permeability
  • increase in number in allergic reactions
  • release histamine
  • similar to mast cells
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16
Q

agranulocytes include:

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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17
Q

monocytes

A
  • motile
  • give rise to macrophages
  • largest cells in blood
  • non-staining cytoplasm
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18
Q

lymphocytes act in:

A
  • B-cell (humoral) immunity
  • T- cell (cellular) immunity
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19
Q

red blood cells

A
  • biconcave disc
  • contain hemoglobin
  • strong cytoskeleton
  • carbohydrates in glycoproteins at cell surface determine blood type
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20
Q

blood types:

A

A
B
AB
O

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21
Q

blood type A

A

antigens in RBC: A
antibodies in plasma: Anti-B

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22
Q

blood type B

A

antigens in RBC: B
antibodies in plasma: Anti-A

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23
Q

blood type AB

A

antigens in RBC: A and B
antibodies in plasma: NONE

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24
Q

blood type O

A

antigens in RBC: NONE
antibodies in plasma: Anti-A and Anti-B

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25
Q

blood type ______ is a universal __________ while blood type ________ is a universal _________.

A

AB, recipient
O, donor

26
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A

a genetic defect that affects the hemoglobin subunits and manifests as tingling, pain, ischemia, hemolysis, and anemia

27
Q

why is sickle cell anemia important?

A

it makes the person less susceptible to malaria infection

28
Q

platelets

A
  • play major role in blood coagulation
  • produce von Willebrand factor, thrombosospondin, and platelet-derived growth factor
  • often appear in clumps
  • 10 day life
  • no nucleus
29
Q

platelet aggregation includes:

A
  1. primary aggregation
  2. secondary aggregation
  3. blood coagulation
30
Q

primary aggregation of platelets

A
  • disruption in the microvascular endothelium
  • allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen in the vascular basal lamina or wall
  • thus platelet plug is formed
31
Q

secondary aggregation of platelets

A
  • platelets in plug release a specific adhesive glycoprotein and ADP
  • induces further platelet aggregation
  • increase the size of platelet plug
32
Q

blood coagulation during platelet aggregation

A
  • fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor, and other proteins released from damaged endothelium
  • platelet factor 4 from platelet granules promote the cascade of plasma proteins giving rise giving rise to fibrin
  • thus blood clot or thrombus
33
Q

characteristics of granulocytes:

A

2 major granules:
1: lysosomes (azurophilic granules)
2: specific granules
- have polymorphic nuclei
- terminally differentiated

34
Q

characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • polymorphonuclear leukocytes
  • help fight bacterial infection
  • innate immunity
  • initiate inflammation
  • first line of defense
35
Q

characteristics of agranulocytes

A
  • not terminally differentiated
  • lack specific granules but do contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
36
Q

heparin

A

a sulfated GAG that acts locally as a coagulant

37
Q

histamine

A

promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

38
Q

cytokines

A

polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of immune system

39
Q

anaphylaxis

A

a life threatening allergic reaction that can be stopped by use of epipen (epinephrine)

40
Q

all lymphocytes are derived from:

A

bone marrow stem cells

41
Q

B-cell lymphocytes

A
  • differentiate and mature in bone marrow
  • 10-15% of all lymphocytes
42
Q

T-cell lymphocytes

A
  • 60-80% of all lymphocytes
  • defined by CD4+ and CD8+ and memory cells
43
Q

antigen presentation leads to

A

activation of helper (CD4) and cytotoxic (CD8) and B lymphocytes

43
Q

the bone marrow

A
  • site of generation of RBCs, leukocytes, platelets
  • mature blood cells have short lifespan and must be replaced
  • cells arise in the yolk sac mesoderm
44
Q

composition of bone marrow

A
  • is a special type of connective tissue
  • hematopoietic cells
  • marrow adipose tissue
  • supportive stromal cells
45
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A
  • red
  • yellow
46
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • the actively hematopoietic tissue
  • is abundant in prenatal life and in the young
  • red due to erythrocytes and their precursors
47
Q

yellow bone marrow

A
  • a fatty replacement around ages 20-25
  • relatively inactive
  • mainly composed of adipocytes
48
Q

all blood cells come from

A

pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells

49
Q

what lineages of cells are produced from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

50
Q

the myeloid lineage includes

A

precursor cells for
- erythropoiesis
- thrombopoiesis
- granulopoiesis
- monocytopoiesis

51
Q

the lymphoid lineage includes

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells
52
Q

what promotes growth and differentiation throughout the developmental process?

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  • cytokines
  • growth factors
53
Q

myeloid cells include

A
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes
  • erythrocytes
  • megakaryocytes
54
Q

cell size gets __________ as cells differentiate

A

smaller

55
Q

megakaryocytes _____________ in size as they differentiate

A

increase

56
Q

______________ _______________ are the cells that synthesize hemoglobin and then degenerate.

A

basophilic erythroblast

57
Q

what does it mean to be terminally differentiated?

A

scheduled to die

58
Q

terminally differentiated cells

A

RBCs and granulocytes

59
Q

monocytes will

A

differentiate

60
Q

lymphocytes

A

proliferate and differentiate

Histology (12 decks)

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