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Histology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the circulatory system do?

A

pumps and directs blood cells and substances carried in blood to all tissues of the body

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2
Q

the circulatory system includes the _________ and ____________ _____________ ___________.

A

blood and lymphatic vascular system

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3
Q

the components of the circulatory system

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • capillaries (microvasculature)
  • veins
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4
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

the system that connects with the vascular system that carry lymph and return fluid from tissue spaces all over the body to the blood

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5
Q

the cardiovascular system includes what 2 types of circulation?

A
  1. pulmonary
  2. systemic
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6
Q

the pulmonary circulation

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
  • after being oxygenated, the blood travels back to the left side of the heart
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7
Q

the systemic circulation

A

pumps blood from the left side of the heart to the head, limbs, rest of body, and back to the right side of the heart

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8
Q

the function of the heart in the circulatory system

A

propel blood throughout the system

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9
Q

the function of the arteries in the circulatory system

A

a series of vessels that carry blood to the tissues and becomes smaller as they branch into organ

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10
Q

the high pressure system

A

arteries (thicker walls)

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11
Q

the low pressure system

A

veins

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12
Q

what controls blood pressure?

A

arterioles

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13
Q

the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system

A

the smallest vessels that are the site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

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14
Q

the function of the veins in the circulatory system

A

a series of venules that bring blood to the heart and get bigger as they get closer to the heart

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15
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the cardiovascular system internally?

A

simple squamous epithelium (cardiac and vascular endothelium)

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16
Q

capillaries are made almost entirely of

A

a single layer of endothelial cell and associated pericytes

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17
Q

the heart develops embryonically from

A

a simple blood vessel

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18
Q

at the beginning of the 3rd week, blood vessel formation begins in the

A

extraembryonic mesoderm of the umbilical vessel, connecting stalk, and chorion
- embryonic blood vessels develop 2 days later

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19
Q

the mesoderm gives rise to

A
  • connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • striated smooth muscle
  • HEART
  • BLOOD
  • LYMPHATIC VESSELS
  • kidneys
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • genital ducts
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20
Q

the myocardium of the ventricular walls is ___________ than that of the atria

A

thicker!

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21
Q

the layers of the heart

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
    ~~pericardium~~
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22
Q

the endocardium

A
  • in contact with the blood inside the heart
  • is homologous to the tunica intima
  • thicker in atria than ventricles
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23
Q

the myocardium

A
  • is homologous to the tunica media
  • forms the bulk of the heart wall
  • consists mostly of cardiac muscle
  • thickest layer
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24
Q

the epicardium

A
  • the outer layer
  • homologous to the tunica adventitia
  • has 2 layers
  • loose fatty connective tissue
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25
Q

the mesothelium

A

one layer of squamous to cuboidal mesothelial cells
- line pleural and peritoneal cavities

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26
Q

the pericardium

A
  • fibroelastic
  • fluid-filled sac
  • has outer parietal layer that reflects onto the heart surface as a visceral layer
  • similar to pleura of peritoneum
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27
Q

the valves of the heart are

A
  • flaps
  • connective tissue
  • anchored in heart’s dense connective tissue
  • prevent backflow of blood
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28
Q

the fibrous tissue of the heart includes

A
  • chordae tendinae
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29
Q

chordae tendinae

A
  • cords that extend from the cusps of both AV valves
  • attach to papillary muscles
  • prevent valves from turning inside out during contraction
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30
Q

subendocardial layer of the heart includes

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • small blood vessels
  • nerves
  • purkinje fibers
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31
Q

atrial _________ is thicker than ventricles

A

endocardium

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32
Q

ventricular __________ is thicker than in the atria

A

myocardium

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33
Q

the atrioventricular valves are:

A
  • mitral (bicuspid - left side)
  • tricuspid (right side)
  • located between atria and ventricles
34
Q

the semilunar valves

A
  • are aortic and pulmonary
  • control the outflow from the ventricles to the arteries
35
Q

valves are made of

A
  • dense connective tissue
  • contains lots of elastic tissue
  • contains endothelium of blood and lymphatic vessels
36
Q

what is the conduction system?

A

the system that initiates the electrical impulse for contraction (heartbeat) and spreads it through the ventricular myocardium

37
Q

characteristics of the conduction system

A
  • excitable
  • modified cardiomyocytes
  • cardiomyocytes contract in non synchronized/involuntary manner
38
Q

the sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • pacemaker
  • in the wall of the right atrium
  • sets tone for the rest of the contraction of the heart
  • connects AV node in the floor of the atrium
  • delays conduction
39
Q

purkinje fibers

A
  • modified cardiac muscle joined by intercalated disks
  • specialize in impulse conduction rather than contraction
  • paler stain
  • sit close to the endothelium
40
Q

the AV bundle (of His)

A
  • gives rise to right and left bundle branches that run along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart
  • connected with AV node
41
Q

AV node

A
  • consist of myocardial tissue
  • connected with AV bundle
42
Q

the layers of the blood vessels

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
43
Q

tunica intima

A
  • endothelium (simple squamous on basal lamina)
  • subendothelial loose connective tissue
  • internal elastic lamina
  • fenestrated sheet for diffusion
  • prominent in muscular arteries
44
Q

tunica media

A
  • smooth muscle (secretion, elastic fibers, reticular fibers)
  • much thicker in arteries than veins (more elastin)
45
Q

tunica adventitia

A
  • fibroblasts + collagen + loose elastic connective tissue
  • vasa vasorum (nutrients from lumen and vessels)
  • nervi vasorum
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • lymphatics
46
Q

what is the vasa vasorum?

A

microvasculature to bring oxygen and nutrients to local cells that are too far from lumen
- supply nutrients to the larger arteries and veins

47
Q

what comprises the vasa vasorum?

A
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
48
Q

walls of all blood vessels except capillaries contain:

A
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
  • endothelial lining
49
Q

the amount and arrangement of the tissues of blood vessels are influenced by

A

metabolic factors

50
Q

the endothelium

A
  • specialized epithelium
  • semipermeable barrier between blood and interstitial fluid
51
Q

functions of endothelium (other than exchange between blood and tissues)

A
  • present nonthrombogenic surface
  • regulate local tone and blood flow
  • inflammation and local immune responses
52
Q

blood vessel layers correspond to heart layers

A
53
Q

classification of arteries

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • arterioles
54
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • includes aorta and major branches
  • elastic lamina between secretory VSMCs
  • yellow
  • receive blood from heart
55
Q

atherosclerosis is mainly associated with

A

elastic and muscular arteries

56
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • have prominent wavy internal elastic lamina supporting rest of intimal layer
  • layers of VSMC’s
  • external elastic lamina
  • more smooth muscles in tunica media
57
Q

arterioles

A
  • small arteries
  • may or may not have internal elastic lamina
  • 2-5 layers of VSMCs
  • no external elastic lamina
58
Q

VSMCs secrete

A
  • elastin
  • collagen
  • proteoglycans
59
Q

blood flow into capillary beds

A

elastic arteries > muscular arteries > arterioles > capillaries > postcapillary venules

60
Q

blood flow into capillary beds

A
  • supplied by arterioles
  • drain into venules
61
Q

blood flow to capillary beds are bypassed in the skin by

A

arteriovenous (AV) shunts

62
Q

capillaries are composed of

A
  • endothelium
  • nuclei bulge into lumen
  • pinocytotic vesicles
  • no smooth muscle except pericytes
  • can differentiate into smooth muscle and endothelial cells during injury
63
Q

types of capillaries

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoids
64
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • most common
  • tight junctions
  • minimal fluid leakage
  • diffused or transcytosis
  • common in brain and muscles
  • continuous basement membrane
65
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • tight junctions but have fenestrations
  • greater exchange across endothelium
  • basement membrane is continuous and contains a diaphragm
  • found in organs where molecular exchange with blood is important
  • choroid plexus, intestinal walls, endocrine organs
66
Q

sinusoids

A
  • larger in diameter
  • discontinuous
  • larger perforations
  • partial, discontinuous basement membrane
  • found in organs where exchange of macromolecules and cells occur readily between tissues and blood
  • bone marrow, liver, spleen
67
Q

components of veins

A
  • 70% total blood within veins
  • larger
  • skeletal muscle helps drive the blood upwards (acts like pump)
68
Q

3 tunics of veins

A
  • poorly defined tunica media
  • poorly defined boundaries between intima and media
  • well developed tunica adventitia
69
Q

postcapillary venules

A
  • larger and more organized than capillaries and veins
  • have large lumens and an intima of simple endothelial cells with occasional pericytes
  • thin walls
  • WBCs and integrins leave via postcapillary venules
70
Q

what triggers atherosclerosis?

A

high circulating levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) damage arteriole endothelium

71
Q

the lymphatic vessels converge into 2 large trunks called:

A

the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct
- these empty back into the blood

72
Q

microcirculation of the dental pulp

A
  • consist of end arteries running into the tissue through a small apical foramen
  • leave pulp as venules
  • vasculature surrounded by loose CT in rigid dentin walls
73
Q

the lack of collateral circulation and limited ability to expand can cause

A

special physiological circulatory implications

74
Q

the resting pulpal blood flow is about ______ higher than resting skeletal muscle

A

4x

75
Q

the capillaries of the dental pulp have what kind of endothelium?

A

continuous endothelium except in odontoblastic area where it can be fenestrated

76
Q

the interstitial space acts as

A

a transport medium and fluid reservoir

77
Q

part of the vascular resistance regulating blood flow is located in
(related to teeth)

A

the arteries before entering the pulp and in the venules after leaving the pulp

78
Q

how is blood flow regulated in the tooth during sympathetic trunk activation

A
  • has an effect on pulpal blood flow (PBF)
  • alpha-adrenergic receptors are identified in the pulp
  • stimulation of cervical sympathetic trunk
  • vasoconstriction and fall in blood flow in pulp
  • neuropeptide Y induces vasoconstriction in the pulp
79
Q

under normal conditions vascular tone is controlled by:

A
  • nerves
  • local and humoral mechanisms that maintain the vessels in a state of partial constriction
  • neighboring tissues
80
Q

what can activate the sympathetic trunk affecting blood flow in the pulp?

A

anxiety/fear of going to the dentist

81
Q

the AV shunts affect

A

nerves or pulpal blood flow

82
Q

changes in circulation of what tissues can affect pulp circulation?

A
  • gingiva
  • periodontal ligament
  • alveolar bone

Histology (12 decks)

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