Lymphocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a molecule that triggers an immune response

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2
Q

Define specific response

A

slower response but can provide long term immunity

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3
Q

What response do Lymphocytes give?

A

Specific

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4
Q

Define Lymphocyte?

A

white blood cell produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.

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5
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes and how do they differ?

A

B-cells=mature in bone marrow, provide humoral immunity and involve antibodies in fluids

T-cells=mature in the thymus gland, provided cell-mediated immunity and involves body cells

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6
Q

What immunity is associated with T-cells?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

What can T-cells distinguish between?

A

self and nonself antigens hence normal and abnormal/invader cells

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8
Q

Name 4 types of abnormal cells

A

presenting pathogen antigens on phagocytes cell surface membrane
body cells invaded by virus
transplant cells
cancer cells

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9
Q

What are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called?

A

antigen-presenting cells

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10
Q

Describe the stage of the cell-meditated immunity/ cellular response?

A

pathogen invades body cell/is taken in via phagocytosis

phagocyte presents pathogen antigen on its cell surface membrane

T-helper cells specific receptor fit onto these antigens

attachment activates T-cells to divide by mitosis to form genetically identical clones

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11
Q

What is the cellular response?

A

same as cell-mediated immunity

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12
Q

What can helper T-cells activate/divide by mitosis into?

A

activate Cytotoxic/Killer T-cells
develop into memory cells for a rapid response to future invasions
stimulate B-cells to release antibodies
stimulate phagocytosis

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13
Q

Define cytotoxic T-cells?

A

produces a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane which causes it to be freely permeable and die.

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14
Q

Appprixiametly how many B-lymphocytes are you born with?

A

10 million different types

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15
Q

Define Humoral Immunity

A

involves antibodies ( which are soluble in the blood and tissue fluid)

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16
Q

How are a variety of B-cells involved in a response to one pathogen?

A

Each pathogen has a variety of different antigens on its surface. An antigen is complementary to a protein receptor on a B-lymphocyte so many B-cells are involved to bind to all the different antigens.

17
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

When an antigen enters a B-cell via endocytosis and gets presented on the surface,

Helper T-cells bind to the processed antigens and stimulate B-cells to divide via mitosis

to form clones which all produce specific antibody to the foreign antigen.

18
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

One clone produces one antibody

19
Q

What can cloned B-cells develop into?

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

20
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

secrete antibodies into the blood plasma,
can survive for a few days
part of the primary immune response

21
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Part of the secondary immune response
doesn’t directly produce antibodies
results in a faster response next time the antigen is present and gives long term immunity

22
Q

What do pathogens do in the body?

A

Release toxins

damage to cells

23
Q

Describe the stage of the humoral response

A

Surface antigens of pathogens take up by a B-cell
B-cell processes antigen and presents it on its cell surface
Helper T-cells attached to processed antigens and activate B-cells
B-cell is activated to divide by mitosis to give clones

Cloned plasma cells produce and secrete specific antibodies that are complementary to surface antigens on the pathogen

Antibodies destroys the pathogen

Memory cell can divide into plasma cells for future response