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Biology AQA > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

AQA

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1
Q

What is carbon’s unusual feature?

A

It readily forms bonds with other carbons

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2
Q

Name the four main elements

A

Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small units from which larger units are made

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4
Q

Name 3 examples of monomers

A

Monosaccharides amino acids and nucleotides

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5
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Joins 2 molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a water molecule

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6
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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7
Q

What is the monomer that makes up carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

Name 3 common monosaccharides ?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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9
Q

Name the bond formed between two monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic Bond

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10
Q

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

A

Disaccharide

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11
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose ( plus water !!)

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12
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose ( plus water !!)

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13
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose ( plus water !!)

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14
Q

Name the 2 isomers of glucoses and how they differ ?

A

Alpha and beta glucose (SEE CARD)

The H and OH are flipped on C1 of a beta molecule.

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15
Q

Name the test from reducing sugars and how to perform it.

A

Benedict’s Tests
2cm2 of a food sample
2cm2 of the Benedict’s reagent
5 mins in boiling water bath

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16
Q

Name the results of the Benedict’s test

A

blue copper sulphate is reduced to red copper oxide

blue-green-yellow-orange-red

17
Q

How to do test for non-reducing sugars?

A

no colour change seen during the benedicts test
must hydrolyse into monosaccharides
2cm2 food sample + 2cm2 HCl } 5mins in boiling water bath
add sodium hydrogencarbonate ] to neutrilise, use pH paper to test
redo Benedict’s test

18
Q

What type of glucose are these made from?

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

A

Alpha glucose = starch and glycogen

Beta glucose = cellulose

19
Q

What is the main role of starch?

A

energy storage

20
Q

How is the structure of starch suited to its role?

A

Insoluble/ doesn’t affect water potential = water not drawn into cell via osmosis
large and insoluble = doesn’t diffuse out of cells
COILED / helix shape compact = lots can be stored in a small space
when hydrolysed it forms alpha glucose which is easily transported and readily used in respiration
branched form has many ends so can be broken down quicker by enzymes.

21
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylosepectin?

A

Amylopectin = branched polysaccharide ( α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds)
Amylose is a linear polysaccharide ( α-1,4-glycosidic bonds)
Amylose is rigid than amylopectin.
Amylose is less readily digested than amylopectin.

22
Q

What type of glycosidic bonds are in
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

A

1-4 and 1-6 = starch and glycogen

1-4 = cellulose

23
Q

How is the structure of glycogen suited to its role?

A

Insoluble/ doesn’t affect water potential = water not drawn into cell via osmosis
large and insoluble = doesn’t diffuse out of cells
compact = lots can be stored in a small space
highly branched = more ends for enzyme

24
Q

Why is glycogen only found in animal cells?

A

Animals have a higher metabolic rate hence a higher respiratory rate .

25
Q

Compare glycogen to starch

A

glycogen is shorter and more branched

26
Q

What is the role of glycogen ?

A

Energy store and maintain stable blood glucose

27
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A 
straight unbranched chains
parallel so H bonds form cross linkages 
H bond =weak H bonds= strong
adjacent glucose rotate 180 ( OH on both sides) 
microfibre } fibres
28
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

adds rigidity to cells and exerts inward pressure to ensure no further influx of water.

29
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

contains carbon

30
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

sugars donate electrons to other chemicals

31
Q

Describe the starch test

A

add drops of iodine
shake
blue black if starch present

32
Q

Name the method to create sucrose solutions

A

dilution series

Biology AQA (36 decks)

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