Lymphatics

Question 1

Lymphatic system…

Answer 1

returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood; consists of three parts
1) network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
2) Lymph
3) Lymph Nodes

Question 2

Lymph

Answer 2

once interstitial fluid that had entered lymphatics

Question 3

lymph nodes

Answer 3

cleanse lymph

Question 4

Lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 4

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphoid tissues

Question 5

Lymph always flows…

Answer 5

in direction towards heart

Question 6

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 6

weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
proteins, cell debris, pathogens, adn cancer cells can enter lymphatic system

Question 7

Collecting Lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

Larger Lymphatic vessels
-lymph capillaries drain into them
-consists of collecting vessels, trunks, and ducts
-have structures and tunics similar to veins, except
–have thinner walls with more internal valves

Question 8

Right Lymphatic duct

Answer 8

Drains right upper arm and right side of head & thorax

Question 9

Thoracic Duct

Answer 9

Drains left arm, left side of head, & thorax and all lower extremities

Question 10

the right and thorax duct both…

Answer 10

empty lymph into venous circulation at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of body

Question 11

lymphedema

Answer 11

condition in which fluid remains in soft tissue due to lymphatic blockage or damage
commonly caused via lymph node removal (lymphadenectomy) due to cancer treatment

Question 12

lymph return is caused by (4)

Answer 12

milking by skeletal muscles, valves prevent backflow, contraction of nearby arteries, smooth muscle contraction in lymph vessel walls

Question 13

Physical activity … lymph …

Answer 13

promotes lymph return to heart

Question 14

Immobilization of injured area

Answer 14

keeps inflammatory material in area for faster healing

Question 15

lymphocytes

Answer 15

part of adaptive (specific) immunity
-B lymphocytes
-t lymphocytes

Question 16

Phagocytes

Answer 16

-macrophages
-dendritic cells

Question 17

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 17

areas where T and B cells mature - red bone marrow and thymus
-t and b cells originate in bone marrow, but only b cells mature in bone marrow, while t cells mature in the thymus

Question 18

Secondary Lymphoid organs

Answer 18

area where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated
-nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse lymphoid tissues

Question 19

lymph nodes

Answer 19

principal secondary lymphoid organs of body

used in clinical practice as they often become inflamed/enlarged due to a variety of infections, cancers, and other pathologies
-cervical (neck)
-axillary (armpit)
-inguinal (top of the leg by pubic symphysis)

Question 20

Lymph nodes cleaning Lymph

Answer 20

macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms and debris that enter lymph
-prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to blood

Question 21

Lymph Nodes in immune system activation

Answer 21

offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens

Question 22

lymph enters node via…

Answer 22

afferent lymphatic vessels

Question 23

lymph exits nodes at… via..

Answer 23

lymph exits nodes at hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 24

presence of fewer efferent vessels causes …; allowing…

Answer 24

flow to somewhat stangante; lymphocytes and macrophages time to function

Question 25

Breast cancer often metastasizes (spreads) to the most local lymph node chain…

Answer 25

axillary lymph nodes

Question 26

Spleen

Answer 26

-blood rich
-located in ULQ of abdomen (deep to right 8-10 ribs)

Question 27

functions of spleen(3)

Answer 27

1) site of lymphatic proliferation and immune surveillance and response
2) cleanses blood of age red blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris
3) stores breakdown products of RBC (iron) for later reuse
4)Store blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed

Question 28

White Pulp (in spleen)

Answer 28

mostly lynphocytes

Question 29

Red Pulp (in spleen)

Answer 29

rich in RBCs and marcophages that engult them

Question 30

Spleen has…, so a direct blow or sever infection may cause a… further causing…

Answer 30

Spleen has thin capsule, so direct blow or sever infection may cause it to rupture further causing blood to spill into the peritoneal cavity

Question 31

splenectomy

Answer 31

surgical removal of ruptured spleen
-if spleen must be removed, liver and bone marrow take over most of its functions
-in children younger than 12, spleen will regenerate if a small part is left
-some children may become immunocompromised if not regenerated

Question 32

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Answer 32

protects from pathogens trying to enter the body
ex: tonsils, peyer’s patches (small intestines), and appendix

Question 33

Tonsils

Answer 33

simplest lymphoid organs
form ring of larynx tissue around pharynx; appear as swelling of mucosa
tonsils are names after where they are; palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual

Question 34

Palatine tonsils

Answer 34

at posterior end of oral cavity
largest of tonsils and most often infected

Question 35

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Answer 35

located in posterior wall of nasopharynx

Question 36

Lingual Tonsil

Answer 36

lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue

Question 37

Appendix

Answer 37

small offshoot of ascending colon
-RLQ of abdomen
-Serves as reservoir of gut bacteria in case of diarrhea

Question 38

Thymus

Answer 38

functions as lymphoid organ where T cells mature
-most active and largest in size during childhood
-stops growing during adolescence, then gradually atrophies