Immunity

Question 1

what is…?

Inate immunity

Answer 1

non-specific, from birth, quick immunity

has two lines of defense

Question 2

First line of defense in inate immunity

Answer 2

skin & mucus membranes make up a physical and chemica barrier agaisnt pathogens
however it is easliy breached
eamples;
* karotine of skin (physical barrier)
* mucus membrane that is made of stratisfied squamous epithelium tissue (physcial barrier)
* sweat and oil of the skin is slightly anti-microbial (chemical barrier)
* the acidity of the skin (chemcial)
* pH in urinary area that inhibits bacterial growth (chemical)

Question 3

Second line of Defense in Innate immunity

Answer 3

• inflamnation
• phagocytosis
• fever
• natural killer cells
• interferon & complement

Question 4

what is…

inflammation

Answer 4

when tissues in the cell are damaged, inflammation causes blood to go to that area so WBC and nurtrients can get there

Question 5

what is

Phagocytosis

Answer 5

cells that can engulf a pathogyn

Question 6

what is a

fever

Answer 6

a rise in core body tempature
-low fever helps at times
-105 and up is too high can cause a seizure

Question 7

What are

Natural killer cells

Answer 7

Cells that create pores in the cell membrane to secrete chemicals into the cell and cause apoptosis

apoptosis is programmed cell death

Question 8

what is

interferon & complement

Answer 8

antimicrobrial protients
-interferons - will alert cells near by that they have a virus and that cells near by need to recruit T - helper cells to kill the virus
-complement - cascade of protiens that create another and so on to create a membrane attack complex that then punches holes in the cell membrane so it fills with fluid and bursts (killing with osmotic pressure)
–has two pathways
—classical - antibodies activate complement
—intrinsic - complement activates on its own

Question 9

what is

adaptive immunity

Answer 9

aquired over time and takes longer to activate

Question 10

Third line of defense in adaptive immunity

Answer 10

T & B cells

Question 11

what is

antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

Answer 11

B cells maturing and moving to secondary lympathic organs to prevent the spread of pathogens

Question 12

where are B cells made and where do they mature?

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

What do B cells do once they have matured

Answer 13

they go to secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) and encounter antigens

Question 14

what is clonal selections

Answer 14

when B cell receptors bind to specific antigens to prevent them from binding to tissues and making you sick

like a puzzel peice, B cells have to recreate themselves differently a couple of times to fit the antigens receptors - then… clonal expansion occurs

Question 15

what is colonal expansion

Answer 15

when the B cell that fits the antigens receptor is replicated on a mass scale

Question 16

What are effector cells

Answer 16

B cells that effect the antigen (plasma cells)

Question 17

What are memory cells

Answer 17

B cells that were created for that specific pathogen - so if it ever comes back they can replaicate and readicate the pathogen

Question 18

What are the different Plasma Cells (anti-bodies)? What they do?

Answer 18

• IgM*
  *first responder
• IgG*
• most abundent - can cross the placenta
• IgA*
• secreated in saliva, breast milk, and tears
• IgE*
• big in allergic reations - releases histamine
• IgD*
• skip

Question 19

Antibodies do not…

Answer 19

kill, instead they targe for destruction using, nurtralization, agglutination, complement fixation, or opsonization

Question 20

what is

neutralization

Answer 20

where antibodies block receptors on the foriegn cell

Question 21

what is

agglutination

Answer 21

antibodies bind to another antigens and clump together to allow phagocytosis to occur more easily

Question 22

what is

opsonization

Answer 22

has many antibodies coat the foriegn cell to overwhelm it and allow phagocytosis to happen a little easier

Question 23

what is…

complement fixation

Answer 23

when antibodies activate compliment which leads to cell lysis with the membrane attack complex

Question 24

cell mediated immunity

Question 25

where are T lymphocytes made, and where do they mature

Answer 25

bone marrow and thymus gland

Question 26

what do T lymphocytes do when they mature

Answer 26

they go to secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) to encounter antigen

as they mature they learn self tolerance so they dont kill your tissue

Question 27

T cells need … to activate

Answer 27

t cells need to be presented with antigens to activate

this is done with antigen presenting cells (marcophages and dendritic cells)

Question 28

what do… do?

marchophages

Answer 28

engult antigens in tissue, and brings peices to lymph nodes to T cells to encounter - this means they present a piece of antigen on their major histocomplatibility complex and binds to the T cell

Question 29

what is a…? and what does it do?

MHC I

Answer 29

It is a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell that is typically involved in intracellular antigens

Question 30

what is a…? and what does it do?

MHC II

Answer 30

It’s a CD4+ helper T cell that is typically involved in extracellular antigens (also activates B cells)

Question 31

What is a…?

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Answer 31

a receptor on a macrophage cells that determine if something is self or foriegn

Question 32

Hypersensitivity type 1 - allergies

Answer 32

-initial exposure to antigen sensitizes person
-second exposure causes release of histamine and cytokines
–vascodilation, leaky capillaries, bronchoconstriction

Question 33

Hypersensitivies Type II Cytotoxic

Answer 33

destroyies cells
-antibodied bind to specific antigens
–type A blood reacting to type B blood
–phagocytosis, complement, natural killer cells (Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)

Question 34

Hypersensitivies Type II Cell Dysfunction

Answer 34

dysfuntion rather than death
-graves & myathenia gravis (autoimmune disease)

Question 35

Hypersensitivies Type III immune complex

Answer 35

-antibody binds to antigen
-forms a complex that deposits in tissues
–skin, joints, blood vessels
-leads to massive inflammation

Question 36

Hypersensitivies Type IV Delayed type hypersenstivity

Answer 36

-takes 1-3 days to activate
-only type that involves T cells
-contact dermatits (poison ivy), tuberculin skin reaction