Immunity Flashcards
what is…?
Inate immunity
non-specific, from birth, quick immunity
has two lines of defense
First line of defense in inate immunity
skin & mucus membranes make up a physical and chemica barrier agaisnt pathogens
however it is easliy breached
eamples;
* karotine of skin (physical barrier)
* mucus membrane that is made of stratisfied squamous epithelium tissue (physcial barrier)
* sweat and oil of the skin is slightly anti-microbial (chemical barrier)
* the acidity of the skin (chemcial)
* pH in urinary area that inhibits bacterial growth (chemical)
Second line of Defense in Innate immunity
- inflamnation
- phagocytosis
- fever
- natural killer cells
- interferon & complement
what is…
inflammation
when tissues in the cell are damaged, inflammation causes blood to go to that area so WBC and nurtrients can get there
what is
Phagocytosis
cells that can engulf a pathogyn
what is a
fever
a rise in core body tempature
-low fever helps at times
-105 and up is too high can cause a seizure
What are
Natural killer cells
Cells that create pores in the cell membrane to secrete chemicals into the cell and cause apoptosis
apoptosis is programmed cell death
what is
interferon & complement
antimicrobrial protients
-interferons - will alert cells near by that they have a virus and that cells near by need to recruit T - helper cells to kill the virus
-complement - cascade of protiens that create another and so on to create a membrane attack complex that then punches holes in the cell membrane so it fills with fluid and bursts (killing with osmotic pressure)
–has two pathways
—classical - antibodies activate complement
—intrinsic - complement activates on its own
what is
adaptive immunity
aquired over time and takes longer to activate
Third line of defense in adaptive immunity
T & B cells
what is
antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
B cells maturing and moving to secondary lympathic organs to prevent the spread of pathogens
where are B cells made and where do they mature?
bone marrow
What do B cells do once they have matured
they go to secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) and encounter antigens
what is clonal selections
when B cell receptors bind to specific antigens to prevent them from binding to tissues and making you sick
like a puzzel peice, B cells have to recreate themselves differently a couple of times to fit the antigens receptors - then… clonal expansion occurs
what is colonal expansion
when the B cell that fits the antigens receptor is replicated on a mass scale
What are effector cells
B cells that effect the antigen (plasma cells)
What are memory cells
B cells that were created for that specific pathogen - so if it ever comes back they can replaicate and readicate the pathogen
What are the different Plasma Cells (anti-bodies)? What they do?
- IgM*
*first responder - IgG*
- most abundent - can cross the placenta
- IgA*
- secreated in saliva, breast milk, and tears
- IgE*
- big in allergic reations - releases histamine
- IgD*
- skip
Antibodies do not…
kill, instead they targe for destruction using, nurtralization, agglutination, complement fixation, or opsonization
what is
neutralization
where antibodies block receptors on the foriegn cell
what is
agglutination
antibodies bind to another antigens and clump together to allow phagocytosis to occur more easily
what is
opsonization
has many antibodies coat the foriegn cell to overwhelm it and allow phagocytosis to happen a little easier
what is…
complement fixation
when antibodies activate compliment which leads to cell lysis with the membrane attack complex
cell mediated immunity
where are T lymphocytes made, and where do they mature
bone marrow and thymus gland
what do T lymphocytes do when they mature
they go to secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) to encounter antigen
as they mature they learn self tolerance so they dont kill your tissue
T cells need … to activate
t cells need to be presented with antigens to activate
this is done with antigen presenting cells (marcophages and dendritic cells)
what do… do?
marchophages
engult antigens in tissue, and brings peices to lymph nodes to T cells to encounter - this means they present a piece of antigen on their major histocomplatibility complex and binds to the T cell
what is a…? and what does it do?
MHC I
It is a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell that is typically involved in intracellular antigens
what is a…? and what does it do?
MHC II
It’s a CD4+ helper T cell that is typically involved in extracellular antigens (also activates B cells)
What is a…?
Major Histocompatibility Complex
a receptor on a macrophage cells that determine if something is self or foriegn
Hypersensitivity type 1 - allergies
-initial exposure to antigen sensitizes person
-second exposure causes release of histamine and cytokines
–vascodilation, leaky capillaries, bronchoconstriction
Hypersensitivies Type II Cytotoxic
destroyies cells
-antibodied bind to specific antigens
–type A blood reacting to type B blood
–phagocytosis, complement, natural killer cells (Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)
Hypersensitivies Type II Cell Dysfunction
dysfuntion rather than death
-graves & myathenia gravis (autoimmune disease)
Hypersensitivies Type III immune complex
-antibody binds to antigen
-forms a complex that deposits in tissues
–skin, joints, blood vessels
-leads to massive inflammation
Hypersensitivies Type IV Delayed type hypersenstivity
-takes 1-3 days to activate
-only type that involves T cells
-contact dermatits (poison ivy), tuberculin skin reaction
