Lymphatic system Flashcards
What barriers are there in the body to protect you from diseases entering your body?
- Integumentum (skin): (produces chemicals from coming in)
- Layer of stratified squmous cells,
- dendritic cells (extra cells imbeded in the cells which look for any bad things and the phagocytotic cell it is a non-specific defense).
- Sweat glands: Salt, antimicrobial peptides, and lysozymes: breaks down wall of bacteria acidic so will kill break down walls of most bateria.
- Sebaceous gland: oily gland which is acidic which will kill most things
- Mucosal Surfaces (non specific defense)
- Lines all body cavities in urinary, digestive, respitory and reproductrive tract
- Have dendritic cells and goblet cells
-
Tears
* Cotain the lysozyme cell wall inhibiting enzyme - Autochthonous flora (non specific protection): compete for food in our bodies, will change our pH, trigger 2nd immunity, provide nutrients
What is our Innate Immunity (2nd immunity)?What are the components of each category?
- Cellular:
A. Blood: Blood protects us from its ability to clot and not allow anything back into the body. Another part is iron; every living thing needs iron we have proteins that bind iron so our body will be in a fight with bacteria trying to take our iron. Iron uses hemoglobin, enzyme cofactors, and electron transfer chains.
a. Fe Chelators:
1. Transferin: likes to steal iron in are body and take it into our cells
2. Lactoferrin: Little bit stronger than transferin but does same thing
3. Ferritin: stores iron in the liver
b. Pathogenic Examples
a. siderophores: steals iron
b. hemolysins: stab our blood cells and make it leak iron
2. Chemical: hormones interferons
3. Global response: inflammation
What is diapedisis?
White blood cells are able to move outside the blood stream and hunt for bacteria
What are monocytes and what cool things can they do?
Leave the blood and eat anything that is bad and they turn into macrophages which are also phagocytic.
The macrophages will develop in a process of maturation and once they develope they become smarter and start killing more.
What is the process of phagocytosis?
- Chemotaxis: they will move based on different signals called chemoattactants.
A. Positive: Dont want to be attracted to these
B. Negative: Want to be attracted to bad bacteria
- Adherance:
- Ingestion
4. Maturation: fusion with lysosomes
A. Ph decreases
B. Reactive oxidant species which kill stuff
C. Produce nuclease, lipases, and protease
- Killing:
- Elimination: exocytosis
What are eosinophils?
What are the 3 non-phagocytic killing methods
- Eosinophils: Secrete toxins that weaken or kill. These attack parasites by attaching to their surface
- NKs: Reactive oxidative species. Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors. are designed to attack cells but sometimes mistake our own cells as foreign cells.
- Neutrophils: Produce chemicals that kill nearby invaders. The neutrophils traps and binds to bacteria then kills itself
What are toll-like receptors
protein on outside of the cell produced by phagocytic cells who kill the bacteria and display it on themselves because of PAMPs which will help for memorization and for signals to “calls the cop” interferons to search and kill other one
what are NODs
Thes use Nucleotides (DNA/RNA) to call the cops and kill bad bacterias
What are interferons
These are for cell communicators that trigger the immune system, trigger general malaise (that feeling of fatigue and weakness telling your body to rest)
What are late/ early triggers of interferons?
These are released by our leukocytes and are the alarms that trigger the immune system, antiviral
- a,B: Early triggers that occur within the 1st couple of days
- y: late triggers 4+ days, adaptive immunity aka macrophage activation Factor. Call upon T cells, and NK cells
What are complement cells
set of serum proteins that “stab” foreign cells and produce trigger membrane attack complex. Trigger opsonization (surrounding the bacteria) produce porin
Classical: Prodce enzymes opsinizes then triggers membrane attack complex and kills G-effective bacteria ( these are super hard to kill because they have extra layer of protection
Alternative: Cut themselves into smaller proteins and becomes a bigger gang.
Lectin: Respond to Mannose this is rare in humans but abundant in bacteria, fungi, and viruses
What proteins trigger vasodialation?
Bradykinin and Histamine
What is involved in inflammation?
- Bradykinin and Histamine trigger vasodialation
- Macrophages realease prostglandins and use TLR/NOD
- Basophils: Induce Mast cells
- Clotting: contain pathogen, toxins, macrophages, and dead cells
- Results: Redness
