Histology-Exam 2

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial Connective Neural Muscle

Question 2

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

The epithelial tissue “covers stuff” and is avascular meaning that they have very few blood cells. Epithelial tissue goes through rapid cell division to repair your body if it is bruised and cut. It is tightly packed and does not have a lot of liquid in between

Question 3

Define Apical/ Basal sides

Answer 3

The apical side refers to the top side of the cell, which is exposed to the “outside,” and is meant to protect EX: the stomach. The Basil side is exposed to your innards.

Question 4

Name the 3 shapes for the types of [E] cells?

Answer 4

The 3 shapes are: 1. Squamous: fairly flat and they come in lots of layers! Nucleus lies low and flat 2. Cubodial: Squarish shape 3. Columnar: Single layer of tall narrow cells

Question 5

What are the 2 types of layers for [E] tissure?

Answer 5

1. Simple Epithelium: one layer 2. Stratified Epithelium: 2 or more layers

Question 6

What are the 6 different types of [E] tissues?

Answer 6

1. Simple Cuboidal 2. Simple Columnar 3. Pseudo-Stratified Columnar: 4. Stratified Cuboidal 5. Stratified Columnar 6. Transitional Epithelium

Question 7

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 7

square-ish nucleus which is found in the center. “One layer of cube-like cells. (found in the kidneys, ovaries, and glands)

Question 8

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Answer 8

“One long layer of tall narrow cells and the nucleus is flattened down.” These come with and without cilia, and possess goblet cells and microvilli (intestines , anus, esophagus, and stomach) protection and motion

Question 9

What are goblet cells, and why are they important?

Answer 9

Goblet cells produce mucous, which helps to protect stuff from the outside.

Question 10

Pseudo Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 10

ONE LAYER but looks as if they are 2 layers. The nucleus is everywhere, found in the respitory tract

Question 11

Stratified Cuboidal

Answer 11

You wont see tons of these. These have 2 or more layers and are found in gland tissues or places that produce hormones( sweat & salivary glands) “These suck in stuff as you need it”

Question 12

Stratified Columnar

Answer 12

Multiple columns stacked up on each other. These “don’t produce stuff and are longer, thicker, and harder to destroy.” These are found in the reproductive organ, pharynx.

Question 13

What are glands, and which type of tissue are they composed of?

Answer 13

Glands are responsible for performing “secretory functions” by producing substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body. These are made of of [E] tissues.

Question 14

What are the 2 types of glands?

Answer 14

Endocrine and Exocrine

Question 15

Exocrine Glands

Answer 15

You have these inside the stomach and spit stuff out towards food. These have tubes called ducts, which secretions from the ducts get discharged onto the epithelial surface.

Question 16

What are the 3 different types of exocrine glands?

Answer 16

1. Merocrine: Produce two types of liquid -Serous: watery/rich in enzymes & found in body cavities -Mucous: Thick, Sticky, and gooey. Found in tracts 2. Apocrine: Take chunks of body and throws it back out 3. Halocrine: Suicide cells that blow up

Question 17

What are the overall layers?

Answer 17

-Endoderm: “inner skin”—> Found in the respiratory system, Gi-tract, and lining of bladder -Mesoderm: “middle skin” —-> skeletal muscle and blood dermis -Ectoderm: “outer skin”—-> nervous, skin, and oral.

Question 18

What is the function of the Connective Tissue?

Answer 18

“To hold things together,” but also to support and protect. More functions include: They act as fillers, Replace/Repair, well vascularized, Vary in strength, Not tightly packed, have extracellular matrix.

Question 19

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 19

A cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers

Question 20

What is collagen?

Answer 20

A type of protein in the connective tissue that are long, parallel, strong, and flexible. Found in connections in between bones in ligaments & tendons because they can withstand enormous force in one directions. Called “white fibers” or dense [C] tissue.

Question 21

What are elastic fibers?

Answer 21

Long/branch out, break a lot faster and are stretchy. found in vocal cords. Contain protein, elastin and are thinner collagen fibers. known as “ yellow fibers” Found in skin, lungs, and arteries. Think “rubber band”

Question 22

Reticular fibers

Answer 22

protein thread similar to collagen but branches out more but is not as strong or as flexible as collagen.

Question 23

What are the 3 different types of connective tissure proper?

Answer 23

1. Loose Connective 2. Adipose Tissue 3. Dense Connective

Question 24

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 24

Fairly thin membranes with collagen and elastin, coating aroung skin and muscle and E tissue. Arranged loosely, provide cushioning and support and surround blood vessels. Body’s “Packing material” (Connective Tissue Proper)

Question 25

Adipose Tissue

Answer 25

The fat tissue filled with adipocyte cells full of lipids(phospholipids ECT.) Located behind the eyes, kidneys. Not tightly packed, and are large cells with small nucleus. Storage of lipids within the cytoplasm. (Connective Tissue Proper)

Question 26

Dense Connective Tissue:

Answer 26

A lot of layers and layers of collagen and is very compact. Not a lot of fibroblasts and has huge strength associated with it. Not well vascularized. Once damaged it’s very hard to heal. (Connective Tissue Proper)

Question 27

What are the 3 types of Supporting [C] tissue?

Answer 27

1. Cartilage
2. Bones
3. Blood

Question 28

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

Answer 28

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

Question 29

Describe the function of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 29

Hyaline Cartilage is the most common type and also the weakest. The primary function is supporting soft tissue. Located at the ends of bones trachea, larynx, and articular ends of long bones.

Question 30

Describe the function of Elastic Cartilage

Answer 30

Elastic Cartilage produces dense elastin (elastic fibers) This is similar to hylaline cartilage but is more fibrous. This elastic fibers are both denser and more highly branched.

Question 31

Describe the function of fibrocartilage

Answer 31

Fibrocartilage contains a “boatload of collagen” These are meant to handle a lot of damage and act as “shock absorbers” found in the knees and the back.

Question 32

What category of tissue do bones fall under? Describe the funtion of the bones as well as their characteristics.

Answer 32

Bones are considered a the hardest type of Connective tissue. They are composed of Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate, as well as collagen. Their primary function is to provide support and protection, though they also provide some flexibility and have a lot of strength.

Question 33

What are the functions of Osteons or Haversian Systems, and in which type of bone are they found in?

Answer 33

Contain concentric rings of bone called lamelle, which hardens and turns into bone. Found in the compact bones

Question 34

Describe the differenses between compact bone and spongy bone

Answer 34

Compact bone apprears solid and forms the hard outer shell of the bone. Spongy bone is located within the interior of the bone and contans spaces to be strong yet lightweight.

Question 35

What role does blood play in the body and name 2 things in lecture that are inside blood

Answer 35

Blood is a complex soft type of [C] tissue. This one is the most flud and, “Has a bunch of stuff in it.” The two things are

• Plasma: Red blood cells(erythrocytes)/white blood platelets(leukocytes)
• Salts: Primary function of blood is to nourish. Maintains homeostatic state.

Question 36

What is muscle tissue, and how does it fuction in the body? Also, what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 36

As the muscle tissue shortens, it exerts physical forces on other tissues and organs to produce movement; these movements include voluntary motion of body pars, blood circulation, respiratory activites, propulsion of materials through the digestive system and waste elimination.

The three different types are

1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

Question 37

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 37

composed of cylindrical muscle cells called muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. This is attached to the keleton itself. “Helps you work out at the gym when you need to stretch and for motion”

Question 38

What is Smooth Muscle tissue?

Answer 38

Smooth muscle is considered involuntary. This helps control movement of material through the body. For example digesting your food and blood fessels for transporting blood.

Question 39

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 39

Cardiac muscle tissue is confined to the thick middle layer of the heart wall. Involuntary, and are striated and elongated and branches out.

Question 40

What is the function of the Nervous Tissue?

Answer 40

The job of the nervous tissue is to communicate, it is spread out throughout the entire body and they send out electrical signals.

Question 41

What are neurocytes/neurons and glial cells

Answer 41

• Neurocytes/neurons are nerve cells
• glial cells: are supportingcells that provide nutrients