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Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood? Name the things within each component.

A

Blood can be separated into 3 different parts:

  1. Plasma(55% of whole blood) : Water (92% by weight) Proteins (7% by weight) Other solutions ( 1% by weight) Teacher’s comments: Plasma is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. Formed

2. Bufffy Coat( 1% of whole blood): The middle layer which is all leukocytes

  1. Erythrocytes( 44% of whole blood)
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2
Q

Name some properties of blood? What is the temp, pH, and percentage of body weight?

A

The temp of blood is usually 100.4F

The pH ranges from 7.35 – 7.45

The blood weighs about 8% of our total body weight

Flows slower than water

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3
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes are red blood cells and their main function is to transport O2 and CO2 to and from the tissues and the lungs

They disgard their nucleus during their development

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4
Q

What is hemoglobin and what happens when it is mixed with oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin is a protein found in all red blood cells. They turn bright red when combined with oxygen creating oxyhemoglobin. When the presence of oxygen is low, this creates deoxyhemoglobin.

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5
Q

Where does blood production take place in an embryo/fetus?

A

occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen; after birth, it occurs in the red bone marrow

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6
Q

What does a CBC measure and why would a doctor order a CBC?

A

A CBC is a count of red blood cells,white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and Mean Corpuscular Volume. A CBC can tell us a lot about one’s health such as:

  • Overall Homeostasis 
  • Pre-op test 
  • Infection 
  • Anemia 
  • Acute and Chronic illnesses 
  • Monitor treatments 
  • Post-treatment effects
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7
Q

What would it mean if the a CBC test recorded the following:

  1. Increased RBC
  2. Decreased RBC
  3. Increased WBC :
  4. Decreased WBC
A
  1. Increased red blood cells means that there is low oxygen in the blood which could mean that the patient has Heart disease, Pulmonary disease, dehydration, or Renal disease.
  2. Decreased red blood cells: can be caused because there is not enough oxygen within the body could be a result of Blood-loss, Anemia, Hemorrhage, Bone marrow failure, Hemolysis, Leukemia, Malnutrition
  3. Increased white blood cells means that the body is trying to fight off a foreign bacteria in the body which could be caused by:Infectious disease, Inflammatory disease, Stress, Tissue damage
    * 4.* Decreased White blood cells: Could be caused by: Bone marrow failure  Autoimmune disease, Liver/Spleen disease ,Radiation Exposure
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8
Q

What is the erythrocyte life cycle?

A
  1. Erythrocytes form in the red bone marrow
  2. Erythrocytes circulate in the blood stream for 120 days
  3. Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the Liver/ Spleen
  4. Heme components of the blood are recycled
  5. Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids some of which help to make new erythrocytes
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9
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

Erythropoietin is a hormone that is produced by the kidney and liver which detects low O2 levels in the body and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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10
Q

What role do macrophages play in the body more specifically with red blood cells?

A

Macrophages are located in the liver and spleen and will phagocytize damaged red blood cells. Hemoglobin from the decompsed red blood cell will convert into Heme(the “non-protein” found in globin) + Globin (each hemoglobin molecule will 4 polypeptide chains which are your globins).

  1. The Heme is decomposed into iron which is stored and recycled and biliverdin and bilirubin which are excreted in bile
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11
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes helo to initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens. Unlike RBC’s they do have a nucleus and are much larger in size.

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12
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

These produce our antibodies. These produce T/C lymphocytes and make up of a third of WBC’s.

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13
Q

Define the following characteristics of each type of Leukocytes? What makes each one different:

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
A
  1. Neutrophils: Most numerous out of all the WBC’s. These are red staining and have a MULTILOBED nucleus
  2. Eosinophils: These have a BILOBED nucleus. Only make up around 1-3% of WBC’s
  3. Basophils: Stain blue in color and are larger in diameter . These exhibit a bilobed nuclues
  4. Monocytes: The LARGEST blood cells and have variably shaped nuclei ->>> Give us our Macrophages because once they mature they turn into macrophages
  5. Lymphocytes: Have large round nucleus
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14
Q

What is leukocytosis or leukocytopenia

A

Leukocytosis occurs after infection when excess leukocytes are present and leukocytopenia occurs from more long term conditions such as AIDS

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15
Q

How are platelets formed and what is their function?

A

Platelets are formed by megakaryotes that has blown itself up into little pieces known as “platelets” These platelets are sticky and form the clott when you cut yourself. The standard amount is 200,000-300.000 per ML

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16
Q

What 3 proteins are within plasma?

A
  1. Albumins: mains osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of plasma proteins. Controls concentration.
  2. Globulins 36%: Alphas and betas globulins which and are important in transportation of fats and fat soluble vitamins. The gama globulins build antibodies
  3. Fibrogen: 4%; enzyme that is in charge of creating the blood clotts.
17
Q

What are lipoproteins? and chylomicrons

A

lipoproteins carry fats and there are 3 types:

  1. HDL: Beneficial lipids
  2. LDL:Bad lipids
  3. VLDL: Very bad lipids

Chylomicrons: are little fat bubbles

18
Q

Electrolytes are ablorved by what parts of the body?

A

Electrolytes are absorbed by your intestines and are broken down into Na,K,Ca,Mg, and Cl it is important for maintaining osmotic pressure, pH and neurotransmission.

19
Q

What is hemostais?

A

Hemostasis is a clot. When you get a cut

  1. Blood vessel spasm: Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle wall to contract
  2. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net with spiny processes protruding from their membranes
  3. Blood coagultion: Most effective means of hemostasis. The damaged tissues release thromboplastin, which activates the first series of factors leading to the production of prothrombin ac

tivator

20
Q

How does a clot happen? What enzymes are activated.

A
  1. Prothrombin activators converts prothrombin into thrombin
  2. Thrombin is the one that converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  3. fibrin acts as our glue that allow the blood cells to stick together.
21
Q

Thrombus, what is it?

A

internal blood clott, when it dislodges it becomes a embolus. when the clott stops that part of the tissue will die

22
Q

What is agglutination?

A

agglutination is caused by antigens and antibodies and the red blood cells will clump up together. Happens when foreign blood enters your body, which is why we have different blood types.

23
Q

What is the difference between blood types?

A

There are different proteins on the outside of a red blood cell. A and B can get from O but O cannot get from anybody else. AB blood has both you are a universal acceptor but cannot donate to everyone only AB.

24
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

This is the + and - in blood. It is a protein on the red blood cell. + can only give to + and - can only give to -.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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