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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s in a CV?

A
  • Transporation
  • Moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells throughout the body
  • Stabilize body temp., pH for cell function
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2
Q

What does a good cardiovascular system have?

A
  • Blood: Nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2, and hormones
  • Two pumps:
    • Deoxygentated blood to the lungs
    • Oxygenated blood to all other organs and tissues
  • System of blood vessels: Arteries, Capillaries, Veins, and overall blood distribution
  • Specialized organs for exchange of materials between the blood and external environment
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3
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart:

A
  1. Epicardium: Outermost layer of the heart known as the visceral layer. made of SERROUS MEMBRANE + AEREOLAR C TISSUE.
  2. Myocardium: The middle layer of the heart and composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It is the thickest of all the heart tissues. Permits large volumes of blood of out the heart.
  3. Endocardium: Composed of simple squamous epithelium + areolar c tissue.
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4
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

formed from dense C tissue and performs the following functions:

  1. Supports the heart valve
  2. Provides support between the atria and the ventricles
  3. Acts as an “Electrical insulator”
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5
Q

What is the pericardium? How many parts does it have.

A

A fibrous sac and serrous lining. The pericardium restricts the hearts movement so that it doesnt bounce and move about in the thoracic cage and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood.

It has 2 parts.

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium: Attached to the diaphragm and base of the great vessels. It is the outer portion which is a tough and dense C tissue.
  2. Serrous pericardium: Can be broken down into 2 more layers:
  • Parietal:lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral:Covers outside of the heart
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7
Q

Which ventricles pump blood into the heart?

A

the tricupsid and bicupsid valves

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8
Q

Which valves pump blood away from the heart?

A

The semilunar valves

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9
Q

Label the Anterior parts of the heart

A
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10
Q

Name the steps of circulation of blood into the body

A
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11
Q

Name the parts of the posterior view of the heart

A
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12
Q

Name the parts of the heart from a anterior view sliced coronally

A
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13
Q

Name the valves of the heart and what their functions are

A
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14
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

its a venous network that drains the GI tract and shunts the blood to the liver for absorption and processing of transported materials. Following nutrient absorption, the blood exits the liver through hepatic veins that merge with the inferior vena cava. (intestine, digestive system, spleen, and pancreas)

Teacher’s definition: hepatic portal system carries blood rich in nutrients from digestion in the small intestine to the liver, the organ that monitors the composition of the blood.

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15
Q

What are the two sources of blood into the brain?

A

Corotid Arteries(Anterior Brain) and Vertebral arteries (Posterior Brain)

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16
Q

The atria are seperated from deep ventricles externally by a relatively deep _________. Now explain what these things do.

A

Coronary sulcus

The sulci house blood vessels packed in adipose connective tissue. These vessels supply and drain the heard

17
Q

What is coronary circulation and name the steps

A

Coronary circulation is how the heart supplies its own source of oxygenated blood.

Step 1: Oxygenated blood from Left ventricle Aeorta travels through the coronary arteries

Step two: From the Coronary Arteries, oxygenated blood goes into the epicardium and myocardium of the heart

Step 3: Deoxygenated blood is brought back to heart via the coronary veins back into the right atrium

18
Q

Coronary arteries are considered to be “end arteries” what does this mean?

A

This means that end arties supply the heart without suffiecient overlap from other arties. Meaning that these arteries share tiny connections called anastomoses. which allow them to share tiny amounts of blood. However, if one of the arteries were to become blocked it is cosidered the “end of the line” for the blood traveling through because they cannot pump blood between the left and right arteries to provide blood to that specific region of the heart therefore killing that part of the heart due to lack of oxygen.

19
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

The sinoatrial node are specialized cardiac muscle cells. The cells of the SA node act as a pacemaker (the rythmic center that establishes the pace for cardiac activity) The SA node cells initiate impulses 70-80 times per minute.

20
Q

What is the job of the atrioventricular node?

A

The atrioventricular node slows conduction of the impulse as it traevels from the atria to the ventricles, providing a delay between activation and contraction of the ventricles.

From the node the signal to contract travels through the atrioventricular bundle to the Purkinje fibers.

21
Q

Name the nodes in the heart

A
22
Q

What is an ECG and what letters represent the “wave” in an ECG?

A

An ECG is a reading of the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG provides a traccing of all the muscle impulses and mirrors the impulses made by the various parts of the conducting system in the heart.

P wave: The P wave represents contraction of the atria (depolarization)-the squeeze.

QRS Complex: Represents ventrical contraction (depolarization)

T wave: Ventrical Relaxation (Repolarization: they are filling with blood)

23
Q

Name the characteristics of Arteries and the layers that make up the arteries.

A

Arteries: Strong, elastic vessels designed to pump blood away from the heart under high pressure.

Outer Layer (Tunica Externa) : Composed of fibrous C tissue and protect and support the vessels. Attaches the artery to the tissue. Contains vasa vasorum that gives rise to capillaries.

Middle Layer ( Tunica Media): the middle layer of the vessel wall. Composed of cicularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. Allows flexibility and ability to withstand pressure. Conrolled by sympathetic nervous system

Inner Layer (Tunica Interna): Composed of of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) Rich in elastic and collagenous fibers.

24
Q

What is the differece between vasodialation and vasoconstriction?

A

vasocontriction: Sympathetic innervation causes the SMC’s to contract or narrowing of the blood vessel. This will result in increased blood pressure.

Vasodialation: When the SMC’s relax, or widening of the blood vessels.

25
Q

What are veins? Why are they imortant?

A

Veins drain capillaries and return the blood to the heart. Vein walls are relatively thin. They are important because they transport deoxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. They have much less smc’s and connective tissue than arteries. In a resting state they carry approx 70% of our blood.

26
Q

What structure do veins have that arteries don’t and why is it that they have it?

A

Blood pressure in the veins is too low, therefore they require valves to keep blood from pooling in the limbs and to assist blood back to the heart. As the skeletal muscles contract,( known as the skeletal muscle pump) veins are squeezed to help pump the blood towards the heart, and the muscles push the blood forward which keep it from going backwards.

27
Q

What are capillaries and what do they consist of? What is their significance?

A

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel which connect arterioles to venules.. Constists of only a tunica intima and a very thin basement membrane. The reason why these blood vessels are so thin is because they exchange exchange nutrients and gases between blood in the capillariesand body tissue.

28
Q

What is a capillary bed? What 4 parts make up the capillary bed?

A

A group of capillaries that function together. This network increases SA of th

Metarteriole: An arteriole which feeds the capillary bed.

Postcapillary venule: Drans the capillary bed

True Capillaries: These branch off of the mearteriole and make up the bulk of the capullary bed

Precapillary sphincter: found at the base of the tre capillaries. The sphincters are smc rings which control the blood flow into the true capillaries. Sphinter relaxation=blood to flow into the true capillaries. Sphincter contraction= blood flow directly from metareriole into the postcapillary venule via the thoroughfare channel.

29
Q

When do the precapillary sphincters open?

A

They open when the tissue needs nutriends and close when the tissues’ needs have been met.

30
Q

Name the major arteries and veins

A
31
Q

What is expiration and what is inspiration?

A

inspiration: breathing in
expiration: breathing out. Breathing every 15-18 times a minute and exchanging 500ML of air

32
Q

What is blood pressure? What is systolic/diastolic blood pressure?

A

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of blood vessels

Systolic: The first pulsation of the artery after the blood flow was cut off.

Diastolic: When the pulsation stops this is the diastolic pressure.

The average blood pressure reading is 120/80

33
Q
A

Anatomy (9 decks)

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