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Bio Lab > Lymphatic and Immune System Lab Part 1 > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Lab Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what other system does the lymphatic system work parallel with?

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is a nickname for the lymphatic vessels?

A

cleanup crew

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3
Q

What are characteristics of the lymphatic vessels?

A

thin walled, low pressure

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4
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do?

A

return excess tissue fluid to venous circulation

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5
Q

What else can be present in excess tissue fluid?

A

damaged cells, bits of tissue and microbes

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6
Q

what makes up lymph?

A

tissue fluid, cells, and microorganisms

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7
Q

What does lymph bass through when returning to the venous system?

A

numerous small filters called lymph nodes

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8
Q

What are the major operational sites of the immune system?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissue

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9
Q

What do the major operational sites of the immune system do?

A

attack and destroy microorganisms and even cancer cells

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10
Q

what is the immune system?

A

collection of cells that specifically target foreign cells to prevent the spread of infections and even cancers, but it does not have its own organs

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11
Q

What part of the immune system makes use of other organ systems?

A

cells of the immune system, primarily lymphocytes

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12
Q

what environments does the immune system combat?

A

internal and external

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13
Q

What does the lymphatic system work with the cardiovascular system to do?

A

maintain fluid homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, gastrointestinal system to absorb fats

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14
Q

Lymphatic systems 3 primary functions

A

Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart, absorbing dietary fats, activating the immune system

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15
Q

what is the process of filtration?

A

pushes water out of blood into the interstitial fluid

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16
Q

Approximately how much fluid is lost in filtration?

A

1.5 mL/min

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17
Q

What does the lymphatic system do to the lost fluid?

A

It picks up the lost fluid, carries it through the lymphatic vessels, and returns it to the cardiovascular system

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18
Q

Where does the water from interstitial fluid first go?

A

It enters small, blind ended lymph capillaries that surround blood capillary beds

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19
Q

What allows the lymph capillaries to allow substances to enter and exit?

A

highly permeable walls that allow large volumes of fluid to enter and exit

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20
Q

when is fluid called lymph?

A

when the fluid is inside the lymph capillaries

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21
Q

Where is lymph delivered to?

A

large lymph collecting vessels which contain valves that ensure that lymph flows in a singular direction

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22
Q

What do lymph collecting vessels drain into?

A

lymph trunks

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23
Q

What are the nine main lymph trunks (some split)?

A

jugular trunks, subclavian trunks, bronchomediastinal trunks, intestinal trunk, lumbar trunk

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24
Q

What does the jugular trunks drain?

A

head and neck

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25
Q

what does the subclavian trunks drain?

A

upper limbs

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26
Q

What do the bronchomediastinal trunks drain?

A

thorax

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27
Q

what does the intestinal trunk drain?

A

abdomen

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28
Q

What do the lumbar trunks drain?

A

pelvis and lower limbs

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29
Q

What do the lymph trunks drain into?

A

lymph ducts

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30
Q

What are the two lymph ducts?

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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31
Q

What does the right lymph duct drain?

A

right upper limb, right side of the head, neck and thorax

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32
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

remainder of the body

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33
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct deliver lymph to?

A

the blood at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins

34
Q

Where does the thoracic duct deliver lymph to?

A

the blood at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

35
Q

Why are fats not directly absorbed from the small intestine directly into blood capillaries?

A

they are too large to enter the small vessels

36
Q

where are fats absorbed?

A

lymphatic capillary called the lacteal

37
Q

Where does the lacteal deliver fats to?

A

delivers the fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks

38
Q

Where does fatty lymph go?

A

enters a large lymphatic vessel called the cisterna chyl

39
Q

Where does the cisterna chyli drain?

A

thoracic duct

40
Q

What do lymphatic organs activate?

A

the immune system

41
Q

What does the immune system protect us from?

A

cellular injury such as trauma or pathogens

42
Q

what are pathogens?

A

disease causing organisms, cells or chemicals

43
Q

how many lobes does the thymus have?

A

two

44
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

anterior mediastinum

45
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

thymosin and thymopoietin

46
Q

What do thymosin and thymopoietin do?

A

stimulate maturation of T lympocytes

47
Q

When is the thymus the largest and most active?

A

infants and young children

48
Q

What happens to the thymus in adults?

A

atrophies and becomes filled with adipose and other connective tissue

49
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

arrangements of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a connective capsule

50
Q

What are lymph nodes also called?

A

lymph glands

51
Q

Are lymph nodes glands?

A

No, they do not secrete any products

52
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

act as filters that remove potential pathogens from lymph before it is delivered to the blood

53
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

along lymphatic vessels

54
Q

What type of vessels delivers lymph?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

55
Q

What type of vessels drain lymph?

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

56
Q

Where are clusters of lymph nodes found?

A

cervical, axillary, inguinal, mesenteric

57
Q

What happens in the lymph node cortex?

A

immune system cells (lymphocytes, specifically B lymphocytes) and macrophages are arranged into clusters called lymphoid follicles

58
Q

What seperates lymph node follicles?

A

inward extensions of lymph mode capsule called the trabeculae

59
Q

What do germinal centers contain?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and large number of B lymphocytes

60
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity

61
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

filters blood and houses phagocytes

62
Q

What are the two distinct regions of the spleen?

A

white pulp and red pulp

63
Q

What does red pulp contain and what does it surround and do?

A

macrophages surrounding trabecular veins that destroy old or damaged erythrocytes

64
Q

What does white pulp contain and what does it surround?

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells that surrounds branches of splenic artery called central arteries

65
Q

Where does the blood flow from the central arteries?

A

through the central arteries, and a series of arterioles until it gets to the sinusoids

66
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

very leaky capillaries in the spleen

67
Q

How does blood get to the white pulp?

A

pathogens leak from blood into the white pulp, they encounter immune cells that attempt to remove them from the blood

68
Q

What are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues and tonsils?

A

clusters of loosely organized lymphatic tissue are scattered throughout mucous membranes in locations such as the gastrointestinal tract

69
Q

Another name for mucosa associated lymphatic tissue?

A

MALT

70
Q

What can MALT lack?

A

connective tissue capsule

71
Q

What can specialized MALT be?

A

partially encapsulated

72
Q

What is an example of specialized MALT?

A

tonsils

73
Q

Where are the tonsils located?

A

posterior oropharynx and nasopharynx

74
Q

Another name for pharyngeal tonsils?

A

adenoids

75
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

posterior nasopharynx

76
Q

Where are the palentine tonsils located?

A

posterior oropharynx

77
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

base of tongue

78
Q

What tonsils may or may not be present in everyone?

A

tubal tonsils

79
Q

What is another example of MALT?

A

peyers patches

80
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

clusters of MALT located in the terminal portion of the small intestine (ileum)

81
Q

Characteristics of Peyers patches

A

somewhat resemble lymph nodes, less defined germinal centers and lymphoid follices, capsules are incomplete or absent

Bio Lab (9 decks)

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