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Bio Lab > Lymphatic and Immune System Lab: Immunity Response > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Lab: Immunity Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three lines of defense against tissue injury?

A

Surface barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

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2
Q

what do surface barriers do?

A

prevent the entry of pathogens into the body

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3
Q

What do surface barriers consist of?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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4
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

born with response, do not require exposure to a foreign agent to be produced

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5
Q

What does adaptive immunity do?

A

respond to foreign cells and molecule with unique set of cells and molecules for each individual threat

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6
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

require exposure to foreign agent to be produced

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7
Q

What is another name for adaptive immunity?

A

acquired immunity

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8
Q

What are responses of innate immunity?

A

inflammation and fever, granulocytes and macrophages, and antimicrobial proteins

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9
Q

When are inflammatory mediators released?

A

when cells are damaged by microorganisms, foreign cells, toxins, viruses, or trauma they release the chemicals

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10
Q

What do inflammatory mediators attract?

A

first attract local immune cells to the area, which are primarily macrophages

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11
Q

What do inflammatory mediators stimulate?

A

local vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased sensitivity to pain

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12
Q

What does local vasodilation cause?

A

the area to become warm and red

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13
Q

What does increased capillary permeability cause?

A

cause the area to become swollen

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14
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

macrophages continue to release inflammatory mediators that attract other phagocytes (neutrophils) to the damaged areas

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15
Q

What do pyrogens do?

A

act on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature “set point” and cause fever

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16
Q

What are the bodys main phagocytic cells?

A

granulocytes and macrophages

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17
Q

What do granulocytes and macrophages do?

A

They will nonspecifically ingest and destroy any foreign or damaged cells

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18
Q

How many times can macrophages ingest and destroy foreign/damaged cells?

A

repeatedly

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19
Q

How many times can neutrophils ingest and destroy foreign/damaged cells?

A

once, then they die

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20
Q

What happens to neutrophils when damage is accessive?

A

many neutrophils will go to one area and die and accumulate which leaves pus

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21
Q

What do eosinophils and basophils do with immunity?

A

can function as phagocytes but main role is to secrete inflammatory mediators such as histamine

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22
Q

What do antimicrobial proteins do?

A

nonspecifically attack and lyse invading organisms when activated

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23
Q

What is the complement system?

A

collection for more than 20 proteins made by the liver

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24
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

lysing foreign cells, enabling phagocytes to function better and enhancing the inflammatory response

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25
Q

What does adaptive immunity primarily involve?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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26
Q

What do B and T lymphocytes respond to?

A

unique antigens or chemical markers

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27
Q

Where are antigens primarily located?

A

many molecules such as toxins and allergens, and on surface of all cells

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28
Q

What is humoral immunity also called?

A

antibody-mediated immunity

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29
Q

What is humoral immunity brought about by?

A

B lymphocytes and proteins they produce, antibodies

30
Q

How is the humoral response initiated?

A

when a macrophage or T lymphocyte presents a specific B lymphocyte with its unique antigen, which causes the B lymphocyte to activate and differenciate into two cells ,plasma and memory cells, which will remember the antigen and permit a more rapid antibody response upon subsequent exposures

31
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

antibodies

32
Q

What do antibodies to to antigens?

A

antibodies bind and agglutinate antigens and facilitate their destruction by phagocytes and other components of the immune system

33
Q

What do antibodies activate?

A

Innate defenses, particularly complete defenses, and neutralize toxins such as venoms

34
Q

What is cell mediated immunity mediated by?

A

T lymphocytes

35
Q

What two T lymphocytes are used in cell mediated immunity?

A

Helper T cells (CD4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

36
Q

How do the cell mediated response begin/go?

A

begin when a macrophage ingests and antigen and presents it to the helper T cells that has a receptor to bind that specific antigen, T cells then secrete cytokines which activate cells of innate immunity such as macrophages, encourage inflammation, activate B lymphocytes and activate cytotoxic T cells, the activated cytotoxic T cells bind to cells whose antigens correspond to receptors to lyse and destroy them

37
Q

What cells do Cytotoxic T cells target?

A

cells infected with viruses, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and transplanted cells

38
Q

What can helper and Cytotoxic T cells turn into?

A

memory cells

39
Q

What do bacterial infections lead to elevations in?

A

neutrophils that phagocytize the bacterial cells

40
Q

What do viral infections and cancer cells tend to trigger?

A

cell mediated response and lead to elevated levels of cytotoxic T cells that lyse affected cells

41
Q

What is nonspecific resistance?

A

prevents pathogenic invasion without target specific kinds of apthogens

42
Q

What are physical barriers in nonspecific resistance?

A

skin, mucous membranes

43
Q

What are chemical barriers in nonspecific resistance?

A

lysozyme, gastric juice

44
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

physical and chemical barriers

45
Q

What is the second line fo defense?

A

phagocytic cells, inflammation, fever, natural killer

46
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

immune system, specific resistence

47
Q

What does the third line of defense rely on detecting?

A

foreign antigens

48
Q

What is activated when foreign antigens are detected?

A

T cells and B cells

49
Q

What lymphocytes are activated first?

A

T cells

50
Q

After activation of T cells what happens?

A

they either directly destroy the microbes or use chemical secretions, stimulate B cells to divide to produce antibodies

51
Q

What does cell mediated immunity involve the activation of?

A

T cells by a specific antigen

52
Q

What are immature lymphocytes produced from?

A

stem cells in red bone marrow

53
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

thymus

54
Q

Where are mature T cells located?

A

blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes and spleen

55
Q

What are the three major types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Memory T cells

56
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells secrete?

A

lymphotoxin and perforin

57
Q

What do lymphotoxin and perforin do?

A

trigger destruction of the pathogens DNA, and the latter creates holes in the pathogens plasma membrane resulting in a lysed cell

58
Q

What do helper T cells secrete?

A

interleukin-2

59
Q

What does interleukin-2 stimulate?

A

cell division of B cells and T cells

60
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

remain dormant after initial exposure, then if antigen presents again memory cells are stimualted to concert themselves into cytotoxic T cells and fight

61
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Microbe attaches to phagocyte
  2. Phagocytes plasma membrane engulfs the microbe, forms a vesicle
  3. Vesicle merges with a lysosome which contains digestive enzymes
  4. digestive enzyme begins to break down the microbe, phagocyte extracts nutrients it can use leaving the indigestible material and antigenic fragments within the vesicle
  5. Phagocytes make protein markers and they enter the vesicle
  6. Indigestible material is removed by exocytosis, antigenic fragments bind to the protein marker and are displayed on the plasma membrane surface, this serves to activate T cells
62
Q

What does antibody mediated immunity involve?

A

activation of B cells by a specific antigen, triggers B cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, antibodies are transported into the blood and lymph to the pathogenic site

63
Q

Where are B cells produced from?

A

stem cells in red bone marrow

64
Q

What are B cells divided into?

A

plasma cells and B memory cells

65
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

antibodies

66
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

ensure a quick response for the same antigen

67
Q

What is neutralizing antigen?

A

antibody binds to antigen forming an antigen-antibody complex , this forms a shield around the antigen preventing its normal function, prevents infection

68
Q

What is activating compliment?

A

triggers a cascade reaction, some proteins cluster together to form a pore or channel that inserts into the microbial plasma membrane resulting in a lysed cell

69
Q

What is precipitating antigens?

A

numerous antibodies can bind to the same free antigens in solution to cross link them, cross linked mass then precipitates out of solution making ti easier for phagocytic cells to ingest it by phagocytosis

70
Q

What is facilitating phagocytosis?

A

an antigen-antibody complex acts like a warning signal to signal phagocytic cells to attack, binds to surface of macrophages

Bio Lab (9 decks)

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