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Bio Lab > cardiovasular lab 2 > Flashcards

cardiovasular lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

the heart and all blood vessels

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2
Q

what are the two receiving chambers of the heart?

A

atria

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3
Q

what are the two pumping chambers of the heart?

A

ventricles

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4
Q

What kind of blood does the left side of the heart pump?

A

oxygenated

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5
Q

what kind of blood does the right side of the heart pump?

A

deoxygenated

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6
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood vessels that take deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and then return oxygenated blood to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the rest of the body

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7
Q

where do all gas exchanges occur?

A

the capillaries

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8
Q

what are capillaries?

A

microscopic blood vessels only one layer thick

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9
Q

what is the capillary wall made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What do the capillary cells permit?

A

the diffusion of of carbon dioxide and oxygen

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11
Q

What is a normal by product of cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide

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12
Q

What are the two populations of cardiac myocytes?

A

nonpacemaker cells and pacemaker cells

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13
Q

What percentage of cardiac myocytes are nonpacemaker cells?

A

99%

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14
Q

What percentage of cardiac myocytes are pacemaker cells?

A

1%

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15
Q

what do pacemaker cells do?

A

spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials

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16
Q

What does the action potentials from pacemaker cells trigger?

A

trigger action potentials of non pacemaker cells, causing them to contract

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17
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system made of?

A

clusters of pacemaker cells

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18
Q

where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

upper right atrium

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19
Q

what is the main pacemaker of the heart?

A

sinoatrial node

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20
Q

How often does the Sinoatrial node depolarize?

A

60 times per minute

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21
Q

where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

lower right atrium just medial to the tricuspid valve

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22
Q

What is considered the backup pace maker?

A

atrioventricular node

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23
Q

How often does the atrioventricular node have the heart beat?

A

40 beats per minute

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24
Q

what is the AV node delay?

A

the conduction through the AV node is slow, which allows the atria to depolarize and contract before the ventricles, which allows the ventricles to fill with blood

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25
Q

What is the purkinje system?

A

group of pacemaker cells that transmit impulses from AV node to ventricles

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26
Q

what are the 3 components of the purkinje system?

A

Atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branchess, purkinje fibers

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27
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?

A

lower interarterial septum and upper interventricular septum

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28
Q

what does the atrioventricular bundle do?

A

transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

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29
Q

What do the right and left bundle branches do?

A

Bring impulses from the AV bundle down either side of the interventricular septum

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30
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

left and right branches that fan out through the myocardium (extend 1/3 of the way into the heart muscle)

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31
Q

what is an electrocardiogram? (ECG or EKG)

A

graph of the hearts electrical activity as expressed in millivolts (mV)

32
Q

what is an electrocardiograph?

A

instrument used to obtain a ECG

33
Q

Where are the electrodes placed for ECG’s/EKG’s?

A

arms, legs, along the chest

34
Q

What does an ECG detect?

A

if the electrical conduction pathway within the heart is normal or if any damage has been done to the heart

35
Q

What are the 3 different waves on an ECG/EKG?

A

P, QRS complex and T

36
Q

what does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolarization

37
Q

What is atrial depolarization?

A

the atria to contract

38
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

39
Q

What is ventricular depolarization?

A

ventricles contract

40
Q

what does the t wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

41
Q

what is ventricular repolarization?

A

causes ventricles to relax

42
Q

what are two types of variations that may signal abnormalities on an EKG/ECG?

A

variation in wave height, variation in normal time intervals

43
Q

what can an elevated p wave indicate?

A

atrial enlargement

44
Q

what can an elevated QRS complex indicate?

A

ventricular enlargement

45
Q

what can a tall and pointed T wave indicate?

A

myocardial ischemia

46
Q

P-R interval

A

time from beginning of P wave to start of QRS complex; 0.2 sec

47
Q

S-T segment

A

time from end of S wave to beginning of T wave; 0.1 sec

48
Q

Q-T segment

A

time from beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave; 0.4 sec

49
Q

What can a longer P-Q interval signal?

A

blockage in normal conduction path

50
Q

What can a longer Q-T segment signal?

A

myocardial damage

51
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

52
Q

What are the 3 factors blood pressure is determined by?

A

cardiac output, peripheral resistence, blood volume

53
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume, amount of blood each ventricle pumps in one minute

54
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

any impedance to blood flow encountered in the blood vessels

55
Q

What does vasoconstriction do to peripheral resistance?

A

increases peripheral resistance

56
Q

What does vasodilation do to peripheral resistance?

A

decreases peripheral resisance

57
Q

what is blood volume?

A

amount of blood found in the blood vessels at any given time

58
Q

What do you use to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

59
Q

What is systolic pressure and its range?

A

pressure between arteries during ventricular systole, 100-120mmHg

60
Q

What is diastolic pressure and its range?

A

pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole, 60-80mmHg

61
Q

What is sounds of Korotkoff?

A

blood flow through the brachial artery that becomes turbulent due to the cuff being released

62
Q

what is a normal stroke volume?

A

70 ml/beat

63
Q

What are the factors that affect stoke volume?

A

preload, contractility, afterload

64
Q

what is preload?

A

amount of tension in the ventricular cardiac muscle cells prior to contracting

65
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

A

the greater the tension on the cells, the more forcefully they contract

66
Q

What is contractility?

A

degree to which cardiac muscle cells can shorten when stimulate by a specific chemical substance

67
Q

What is afterload?

A

the amount of force needed from ventricular cardiac muscle cells to eject blood from the ventricles past the semilunar valves

68
Q

what factors affect heart rate?

A

age, sex, state of activity, endurance training, stress/anxiety

69
Q

What are two powerful cardiac stimulators (hormones)?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

70
Q

What are the three distinct tissue layers making up the walls of arteries and veins?

A

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

71
Q

What is the tunica interna?

A

innermost lining of blood vessel

72
Q

What is the tunica interna made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

73
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

middle layer of blood vessel

74
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

75
Q

What is the tunica medias role?

A

tissue perfusion and blood pressure , innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

76
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

outermost layer of the blood vessel wall

77
Q

What is the tunica externa made of?

A

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue with abundant collagen fibers

Bio Lab (9 decks)

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