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lungs1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe changes to the diaphragm upon inspiration. (2)

A
  • Diaphragm contracts

- And flattens

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2
Q

Explain how the diaphragm causes air to move into the lungs. (3)

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Increases the volume of the thorax
  • Air moves down a pressure gradient and into the lungs
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3
Q

Describe how oxygen in the alveoli enters the blood capillaries. (2)

A
  • Oxygen DIFFUSES through the epithelium of the alveoli

- and through the endothelium of the blood capillaries

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4
Q

Circulation of the blood helps to maintain this difference in oxygen concentration. Explain how. (1)

A

REPLACES blood with a high concentration of oxygen with blood with a low concentration of oxygen

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5
Q

Miner’s lung is a disease caused by breathing in dust in coal mines. The dust causes the alveolar epithelium to become thicker. People with miner’s lung have lower concentration of oxygen in their blood than healthy people.

Describe the path by which oxygen goes from an aveolus to the blood. (2)

A
  • By diffusion

- Through the epithelium of the alevolus and through the endothelium of blood capillaries

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6
Q

Explain why people with miner’s lung have a lower concentration of oxygen in their blood. (1)

A

Thicker alveolar wall so longer diffusion pathway

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7
Q

In healthy lungs, a gradient is maintained between the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and the concentration of oxygen in the lung capillaries.

Describe how ventilation helps to maintain this difference in concentration. (2)

A
  • Air with a higher oxygen concentration DRAWN INTO lungs upon inspiration
  • Air with a lower oxygen concentration REMOVED from lungs upon expiration.
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8
Q

Give one other way that helps to maintain the difference in oxygen concentration. (1)

A

Circulation OF BLOOD

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9
Q

Coal mining in Britain had been dramatically reduced by 1990.

Some scientists concluded that the rise in reported cases of miner’s lung after 1992 shows that the disease takes a long time to develop.

Evaluate this conclusion. (

A
  • Long time between decrease in mining and increase in cases
  • Correlation does not prove causation - other factors may influence miner’s lung
  • Improved diagnosis methods
  • Graph shows fluctuations
  • Not all cases of miner’s lung reported
  • Don’t know number of cases before 1990
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10
Q

The diaphragm helps to bring abou the increase in the total volume of air breathed out. Explain how. (3)

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Diaphragm domes
  • Volume of the thorax decreases
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11
Q

Destruction of pahgocytes causes the lungs ti be more suspectible to infections. Explain why. (2)

A
  • Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens

- Lung infections are caused by inhaling phagocytes/fibres

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12
Q

The reduced elasticity of the lungs causes breathing difficulty. Explain how. (2)

A
  • MORE residual air in the lungs as they don’t deflate as much upon expiration
  • Reduces OXYGEN concentration between the lungs and the environment
  • Reduces rate of OXYGEN diffusion into the blood
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13
Q

Apart from reduced elasticity, explain how changes to the lung tissue reduce the effiency of gas exchange. (4)

A
  • Alevolar walls thicken
  • Longer diffusion pathway for gas exchange
  • Scarred tissue
  • Decreases surface area for gas exchange
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14
Q

Give one factor other than abestos, which increases the risk of developing lung cancer. (1)

A

Smoking

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15
Q

Explain an advantage of a counter-current mechanism. (2)

A
  • Diffusion gradient maintained across the gills
  • At every point of contact oxygen concentration in water is higher than the oxygen concentration in the blood
  • (or) more oxygen diffuses into the blood
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16
Q

African lungfish are likely to survive for longer than Australian lungfish when living in pools that dry up. Explain why. (2)

A
  • In African lungfish, more gas exchange by the lungs

- Gills inefficent in air (as gills need to be ventilated)

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17
Q

Gas exchange in fish takes place in gills. Explain how two features of gills allow efficent gas exchange. (2)

A
  • thin EPITHELIUM so short diffusion pathway
  • Many gill filaments and lamellae so large surface area for diffusion
  • Counter-current mechanism to maintain diffusion gradient
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18
Q

Describe the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake. (1)

A
  • The higher the body mass, the lower the oxygen uptake per gram of body mass
  • Negative corelation
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19
Q

Explain why the zoologist measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass. (2)

A
  • Allows for comparison

- As the mammals have different body masses

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20
Q

Heat from respiration helps mammals to maintain a constant body temperature. Use this information to explain the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake as shown in the graph. (3)

A
  • Smaller mammals have a larger SA:Vol
  • Lose more heat per gram of body tissue
  • Need to respire more to maintain temperature
  • Oxygen is needed for respiration
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21
Q

Use information from the digram to suggest what stimulates the spiracles to open. (1)

A
  • An INCREASE in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
22
Q

Explain what causes the oxygen concentration in the trachae to fall when the spiracles are closed. (2)

A
  • Oxygen used in respiration
  • Oxygen moves into cells by diffusion
  • More oxygen can’t enter through closed spiracles
23
Q

The insect lives in dry conditions. Suggest an advantage of the pattern of spiracle movements shown in the diagram. (2)

A
  • Spiracles not open all the time

- Less water loss

24
Q

Explain how ventilation increases the rate of gas exchange in the alveoli. (2)

A

Maintains a greater diffusion gradient;

to allow faster diffusion

25
Q

In healthy lungs, a gradient is maintained between the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and the concentration of oxygen in the lung capillaries. Describe how ventilation helps to maintain this difference in oxygen concentration. (2)

A

(In alveolus)
Brings in air containing a higher oxygen concentration;
Removes air with a lower oxygen concentration

26
Q

Give one other way that helps to maintain the difference in oxygen concentration. (1)

A

Circulation of blood

27
Q

Describe and explain how the lungs are adapted to allow rapid exchange of oxygen between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries around them. (5)

A

Many alveoli and capillaries which provide a large surface area;
So fast diffusion;
Flattened epithelium of alveoli and capillaries;
So short diffusion pathway;
Circulation and breathing movements;
Maintains a concentration gradient

28
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease of the lungs.

Describe the transmission and course of infection of pulmonary tuberculosis. (5)

A

Bacteria transmitted in droplets;
Bacteria destroy epithelial cells of the alveoli;
Which leads to scar tissue;
This damage increases diffusion distance so less diffusion;
Activation allows bacteria to enter blood and spread to other organs

29
Q

Emphysema is another disease of the lungs. People with emphysema may feel weak and tired. Explain why.

A

Loss of elastic tissue in the lungs;
Alveoli cannot recoil and it becomes more difficult to expel air;
Which results in a reduced diffusion gradient;
So less oxygen enters blood;
Which results in less respiration

30
Q

Emphysema reduces the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. Explain why. (4)

A

Epithelium walls thicken;
And there is less elastic tissue in lungs;
So less air expelled;
Which results in a reduced concentration gradient

31
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Something that increases chance

32
Q

Explain how downward movement of the diaphragm leads to air entering the lungs. (2)

A

Increases volume in the thorax;

Lowers pressure in the thorax

33
Q

Complete the equation.

Pulmonary ventilation = ………………..× ……………… (1)

A

Pulmonary ventilation = Tidal volume x Ventilation rate

34
Q

Describe how air is taken into the lungs. (3)

A

Contraction of diaphragm muscles flattens diaphragm;
Contraction of intercostal muscles raises ribcage;
Increase in volume of thorax decreases pressure of air

35
Q

Explain how a person breathes in. (4)

A

Contraction of intercostal muscles pulls ribs up and out;
Contraction of diaphragm muscles causes it to flatten;
There is an increase in volume of thorax and decrease in pressure of air;
Air moves in down pressure gradient

36
Q

Why is the volume of oxygen that has to be absorbed and the volume of CO2 that has to be removed large in mammals? (2)

A

They are relatively large organisms with a large volume of living cells;
They maintain a high body temperature and therefore have high respiratory rates

37
Q

Why do intercostal muscles allow the ribs to move? (2)

A

To enable the lungs to be ventilated by a tidal stream of air;
thereby ensuring that the air within them is constantly replenished

38
Q

What is the trachea? (1)

A

A flexible airway made of muscle and lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

39
Q

Why does the trachea have rings of cartilage around it? (1)

A

To support it and prevent it collapsing as the air pressure inside falls when breathing in

40
Q

Why are bronchioles made of muscle? (2)

A

The muscle contracts which allows bronchioles to constrict;

to control the flow of air in and out of the alveoli

41
Q

Why do alveoli contain elastic fibres? (2)

A

So that they can stretch as they fill with air when breathing in;
and can recoil during breathing out to expel the CO2-rich air

42
Q

Explain how the cells lining the trachea and bronchus protect the alveoli from damage. (3)

A

The goblet cells produce mucus that traps dirt particles and bacteria in air breathed in;
The cilia move this mucus up the trachea and into the stomach;
The dirt and bacteria could cause infection in the alveoli

43
Q

When does air enter the lungs? (1)

A

When the air pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the air pressure inside the lungs

44
Q

When does air leave the lungs? (1)

A

When the air pressure inside the lungs is greater than the air pressure of the atmosphere

45
Q

Explain how a person breathes out. (4)

A

Relaxation of intercostal muscles moves ribs down and in;
Relaxation of diaphragm muscles causes it to return to its dome shape;
There is a decrease in volume of thorax and increase in pressure of air;
Air moves out down pressure gradien

46
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation? (1)

A

The total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during one minute

47
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation? (1)

A

Tidal volume x Ventilation rate

48
Q

What is tidal volume? (1)

A

The volume of air normally taken in at each breath when the body is at rest

49
Q

What is ventilation rate? (1)

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

50
Q

What is the site of gas exchange in mammals? (1)

A

The epithelium of the alveoli

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