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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

difference between the structure of a triglyceride molecule and the structure of a phospholipid molecule

A

-In phospholipid, one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate

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2
Q

how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a sample of food

A
  1. Add ethanol, then add water;

2. White (emulsion shows lipid);

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3
Q

how a saturated fatty acid is different from an unsaturated fatty acid

A 
Saturated single/no double bonds
(between carbons)
OR
Unsaturated has (at least one) double
bond (between carbons);
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4
Q

how ATP is resynthesised in cells

A
  1. From ADP and phosphate;
  2. By ATP synthase;
  3. During respiration/photosynthesis;
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5
Q

ways in which the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells

A
  1. To provide energy for other reactions/named process;

2. To add phosphate to other substances and make them more reactive/change their shape;

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6
Q

evidence that a scanning electron microscope was used to take this photograph

A

(Can see) 3D image

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7
Q

products of the hydrolysis of sucrose

A
  1. Glucose;

2. Fructose;

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8
Q

Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action

A
  1. (before reaction) active site not complementary to/does not fit substrate;
  2. Shape of active site changes as substrate binds/as enzyme substrate complex forms;
  3. Stressing/distorting/bending bonds (in substrate leading to reaction);
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9
Q

The scientist used quantitative Benedict’s tests to produce a calibration curve of colorimeter reading against concentration of maltose.
Describe how the scientist would have produced the calibration curve and used
it to obtain the results in

A
  1. Make/use maltose solutions of known/different concentrations (and carry out quantitative Benedict’s test on each);
  2. (Use colorimeter to) measure colour/colorimeter value of each solution and plot calibration curve/graph described;
  3. Find concentration of sample from calibration curve;
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10
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. A vaccine has been developed to protect girls and women from HPV.
Describe how giving this vaccine leads to production of antibody against HPV

A
  1. Vaccine/it contains antigen (from HPV);
  2. Displayed on antigen-presenting cells;
  3. Specific helper T cell (detects antigen and) stimulates specific B cell;
  4. B cell divides/goes through mitosis/forms clone to give plasma cells;
  5. B cell/plasma cell produces antibody;
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11
Q

ways doctors could use base sequences to compare different types of
HPV- genetic diversity

A
  1. Compare (base sequences of) DNA;
  2. Look for mutations/named mutations (that change the base sequence);
  3. Compare (base sequences of) (m)RNA;
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12
Q

Describe how you could use cell fractionation to isolate chloroplasts from leaf tissue

A
  1. How to break open cells and remove debris;
  2. Solution is cold/isotonic/buffered;
  3. Second pellet is chloroplast;
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13
Q

Structures in a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope.

A

Mitochondrion/ribosome/endoplasmic reticulum/lysosome/cell-surface membrane

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14
Q

Other factor the technician would have controlled- investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.

A

Concentration of substrate solution / of enzyme solution / pH;

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15
Q

ways in which meiosis produces genetic variation

A
  1. Independent segregation (of homologous chromosomes);

2. Crossing over / formation of chiasmata;

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16
Q

The arrows in Figure 5 show the directions in which each new DNA strand is being produced.
Use Figure 4, Figure 5 and your knowledge of enzyme action to explain why the arrows point in opposite directions.

A
  1. (Figure 4 shows) DNA has antiparallel strands/described;
  2. (Figure 4 shows) shape of the nucleotides is different/nucleotides aligned differently;
  3. Enzymes have active sites with specific shape;
  4. Only substrates with complementary
    shape/only the 3’ end can bind with active site of enzyme/active site of DNA polymerase;
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17
Q

The scientists obtained DNA from otters that were alive before hunting started.
Suggest one source of this DNA

A

Bone/skin/preserved remains / museums;

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18
Q

reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity

A
  1. Population might have been very small/genetic bottleneck;
  2. Population might have started with small number of individuals / by one pregnant female / founder effect;
  3. Inbreeding;
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19
Q

The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule end of the capillary. Explain why.

A

Loss of water/loss of fluid/friction (against capillary lining);

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20
Q

High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how

A
  1. High blood pressure = high hydrostatic
    pressure;
  2. Increases outward pressure from (arterial) end of capillary/reduces inward pressure at (venule) end of capillary;
  3. (So) more tissue fluid formed /less tissue fluid is reabsorbed;
21
Q

The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.

A
  1. Water has left the capillary;
  2. Proteins (in blood) too large to leave capillary;
  3. Increasing/giving higher concentration of blood proteins (and thus wp)
22
Q

Describe how you would test a piece of food for the presence of lipid

A
  1. Dissolve in alcohol, then add water;

2. White emulsion shows presence of lipid;

23
Q

Cholesterol increases the stability of plasma membranes. Cholesterol does this by making membranes less flexible.
Suggest one advantage of the different percentage of cholesterol in red blood cells compared with cells lining the ileum.

A

Red blood cells free in blood/not supported by other cells so cholesterol helps to maintain shape;

24
Q

E. coli has no cholesterol in its cell-surface membrane. Despite this, the cell maintains a constant shape. Explain why.

A
  1. Cell unable to change shape;
  2. (Because) cell has a cell wall;
  3. (Wall is) rigid/made of peptidoglycan/murein;
25
Q

HSV infects nerve cells in the face (line 1). Explain why it infects only nerve cells- specificity

A
  1. Outside of virus has antigens/proteins;
  2. With complementary shape to receptor/protein in membrane of cells;
  3. (Receptor/protein) found only on membrane of nerve cells;
26
Q

Endopeptidases and exopeptidases are involved in the hydrolysis of proteins. Name the other type of enzyme required for the complete hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids.

A

Dipeptidase/s;

27
Q

Suggest and explain why the combined actions of endopeptidases and exopeptidases are more efficient than exopeptidases on their own.

A
  1. Endopeptidases hydrolyse internal (peptide bonds) OR
    Exopeptidases remove amino acids/hydrolyse (bonds) at end(s);
  2. More ends or increase in surface area (for exopeptidases);
28
Q

the co-transport mechanism for the absorption of amino acids into the blood by a cell lining the ileum. The addition of a respiratory inhibitor stops the absorption of amino acids. explain why

A
  1. No/less ATP produced OR
    No active transport;
  2. Sodium (ions) not moved (into/out of cell);
  3. No diffusion gradient for sodium (to move into cell with amino acid) OR
    No concentration gradient for sodium (to
    move into cell with amino acid);
29
Q

appropriate units the student should use to compare the distribution of stomata on leaves

A

Stomata per mm2 or cm2
OR
Number per mm2 or cm2

30
Q

The pieces of leaf tissue examined were very thin. Explain why this was important.

A
  1. Single/few layer(s) of cells;

2. So light can pass through;

31
Q

reasons why it was important that the student counted the number of stomata in several parts of each piece of leaf tissue.

A
  1. Distribution may not be uniform OR
    So it is a representative sample;
  2. To obtain a (reliable) mean;
32
Q

Other than the distribution of stomata, suggest and explain two xerophytic features the leaves of this plant might have.

A
  1. Hairs so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  2. Stomata in pits/grooves so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  3. Thick (cuticle/waxy) layer so increases diffusion distance;
  4. Waxy layer/cuticle so reduces evaporation/transpiration.
  5. Rolled/folded/curled leaves so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  6. Spines/needles so reduces surface area to volume ratio;
33
Q

The student then compared the rate of transpiration (evaporation of water) from the two species of plant. She did this by measuring the rate of water uptake by each plant species. Suggest two reasons why the rate of water uptake by a plant might not be the same as the rate of transpiration.

A
  1. Water used for support/turgidity;
  2. Water used in photosynthesis;
  3. Water used in hydrolysis;
  4. Water produced during respiration;
34
Q

Explain the importance of the sites being chosen at random.

A

No bias;

35
Q

Explain why the removal of hedges caused a decrease in the diversity of birds.

A
  1. Removes species/types of plant/insect;
  2. Fewer food sources;
  3. Fewer habitats/niches;
36
Q

Name the type of reaction used to break down phospholipids to release phosphate.

A

Hydrolysis (reaction);

37
Q

Suggest two reasons why an increase in phosphate can be linked to growth of the embryo

A
  1. (Phosphate required) to make RNA;
  2. (Phosphate required) to make DNA;
  3. (Phosphate required) to make ATP/ADP;
  4. (Phosphate required) to make membranes;
  5. (Phosphates required) for phosphorylation;
38
Q

Suggest how this adaptation may enable these plant species to survive and respond to seasonal changes.

A
  1. Seeds/embryo remain dormant/inactive in winter/cold OR
    Growth/development of seed/embryo during winter/cold;
  2. Seeds/plants develop in spring/summer OR
    Seeds/plants develop whentemperature/light increases;
  3. Plant photosynthesise (in spring/when warm);
  4. Produce (more) seeds/offspring in spring/growing season;
39
Q

Suggest two precautions that should have been taken to ensure that this mean
FEV1 value was reliable.

A
  1. Large sample size;
  2. Individuals chosen at random;
  3. Are healthy;
  4. Equal number of males and females;
  5. Repeat readings;
40
Q

Explain the importance of determining a mean FEV1 value of 25-year-olds in this investigation.

A
  1. (For) comparison;
  2. To see effect of age/emphysema/smoking OR
    Takes into account outliers/anomalous results;
41
Q

The mean FEV1 value of non-smokers decreases after the age of 30. Use your knowledge of ventilation to suggest why.

A
  1. Internal intercostal muscle(s) less effective OR

- Less elasticity (of lung tissue);

42
Q

One of the severe disabilities that results from emphysema is that walking upstairs becomes difficult. Explain how a low FEV1 value could cause this disability.

A
  1. Less carbon dioxide removed;
  2. Less oxygen (uptake/in blood);
  3. Less (aerobic) respiration/ATP OR
    (More) anaerobic respiration;
43
Q

HIV attaches to a specific protein receptor on helper T cells. A low percentage of people have a mutation of the CCR5 gene which codes for this protein receptor. This mutation results in a non-functional protein receptor. Explain how this mutation can result in the production of a non-functional protein receptor

A
  1. Change in DNA base/nucleotide (sequence);
  2. Change in amino acid (sequence)/primary structure;
  3. Alters (position of) hydrogen/ionic/disulfide bonds;
  4. Change in tertiary structure (of receptor)
44
Q

People with the CCR5 mutation show a greater resistance to developing AIDS. Explain why.

A
  1. (Receptor) is not complementary OR
    (HIV) cannot bind/attach and enter/infect (helper) T cell;
  2. No replication (of virus) OR
    No destruction of (helper) T cell;
45
Q

Some people produce a much higher ventricular blood pressure than normal.
This can cause tissue fluid to build up outside the blood capillaries of these people. Explain why

A
  1. More fluid forced/filtered out of capillary/blood (due to high pressure);
  2. Less return of fluid (into capillary/blood) due to pressure OR
    Lymph(atic) (system) cannot drain away all excess fluid;
46
Q

Some drugs used to reduce high ventricular blood pressure cause widening of blood vessels. Suggest how widening of blood vessels can reduce ventricular blood pressure.

A
  1. Larger lumen/volume (of blood vessels);
  2. Reduces (blood) pressure (in blood vessels);
  3. Less friction/resistance (in blood vessels);
47
Q

Describe how the structures of starch and cellulose molecules are related to their functions.

A

Starch (max 3)
1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact;
2. Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive;
3. Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration;
4. Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;
Cellulose (max 3)
5. Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose;
6. Joined by hydrogen bonding;
7. To form (micro/macro)fibrils;
8. Provides rigidity/strength;

48
Q

Describe the processes involved in the transport of sugars in plant stems.

A
  1. (At source) sucrose is actively (transported) into the phloem/sieve element/tube;
  2. By companion/transfer cells;
  3. Lowers water potential in phloem/sieve element/tube and water enters by osmosis;
  4. (Produces) high (hydrostatic) pressure;
  5. Mass flow/transport towards sink/roots/storage tissue;
  6. At sink/roots sugars are removed/unloaded;

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