Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

all biology > all10. > Flashcards

all10. Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reasons why mammals need a circulatory system whilst unicellular organisms don’t

A

size
(mammals) larger / AW;
cells deep in the body;
regions requiring materials separated by a distance / need to get
materials to all parts / AW;
diffusion too slow / AW;
 
activity
(mammals) more (metabolically) active / AW;
need more materials / more rapid supply / more removal of wastes;
SA:V ratio
(mammals) surface area:volume ratio reduced / AW;
diffusion alone not effective / AW; must be linked to SA:V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the sequence of events involved in one heart beat

A

1 atrial systole / atria contract;
2 blood passes into ventricles;
3 veins / blood vessels, entering heart closed / AW;
4 atrioventricular / alternative names, valves open;
5 ventricular systole / ventricles contract;
6 blood to, the arteries / named arteries;
7 (via) open, semilunar / AW, valves;
8 atrioventricular valves shut to stop backflow;
9 relaxation / diastole, of ventricles (and atria);
10 semilunar / AW, valves shut to stop backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structural features of capillaries and explain how each feature helps with the exchange of materials between the blood and the tissue fluid.

A

thin wall / single cell layer / AW; R membrane / thin cell wall
A statement which gives one cell thick, treating thin cell wall
as neutral in this case
short pathway / ease of access to tissue fluid AW, rapid / easy,
diffusion;
smooth, (inner) surface / endothelium; A epithelium
R refs to smooth muscle
reduced friction / smooth flow / reduced turbulence / reduced
resistance / AW;

(small) gaps / pres / holes, between endothelial cells / in wall / AW; allows nutrients / named nutrients / fluid / AW, out, / (most) cells / proteins cannot pass; R refs to plasma A refs to, phagocytes / AW, passing
narrow / small (diameter) / figure quoted / AW; idea of contact with many cells / short diffusion distance / rapid diffusion / reduced rate of flow qualified;
large, total surface area / cross-sectional area; allows more exchange / slows flow for exchange / close to all the cells in the body; R easier / more efficient ideas unless qualified
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of mitosis

A

produces, genetically identical cells / clones; A same genes
asexual reproduction;
maintains, chromosome number / ploidy / AW;
growth (of organism);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stage of mitosis where:

Nuclear envelope reforms

A

telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stage of mitosis where:

Chromosomes align at equator

A

Metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stage of mitosis where:

Chromosomes become visible

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stage of mitosis where:

Chromatids move towards the poles

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stage of mitosis where:

Spindle microtubules shorten

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What name is given to proteins with sugars attached?

A

glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of glycoprotein in plasma (cell surface) membranes.

A

(cell) recognition / antigen;
attachment / receptor; NOT carrier
holds enzymes;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how the apparatus (photometer) should be set up to ensure that valid measurements can be obtained.

A

cut shoot under water;
insert into apparatus under water / AW;
full of water / no extra bubbles / no airlocks; applies to plant / apparatus
cut shoot at a slant;
dry off leaves / AW;
ensure, air- / water-, tight joints / AW;
use a, healthy / AW, shoot :
allow time to acclimatise / AW;
keep, condition(s) / named condition(s), constant;
measure per unit time / AW;
shut screw clip;
ref to scale; e.g. note where bubble is at start / keep ruler fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transpiration itself is not measured by the potometer. State precisely what is measured by using the apparatus.

A

water uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Suggest what the student would need to do in order to get a valid comparison of the rates of transpiration of the two species.

A

set up in same, (environmental) condition(s) / named condition;
calculate the rate per unit area of leaf / idea of getting same area
of leaf in both;
detail of how this could be done; e.g. draw round all leaves on graph paper
replicates;
both picked at same time / same degree of turgidity / AW;
run for the same time / AW;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain why the difference between the two (disassociation) curves is essential for the survival of the fetus.

A

fetus gains oxygen from, maternal blood / mother / AW;
across placenta;
partial pressure / AW, of oxygen in placenta is low;
2-4 kPa;
both in the fetal and maternal parts / AW;
maternal haemoglobin releases oxygen;
fetal haemoglobin has a high(er) affinity for oxygen;
ref to maintaining diffusion gradient;
oxygen needed for, respiration / energy release / AW;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

After birth, the adult form of haemoglobin gradually replaces the fetal form of haemoglobin.
Suggest why this is necessary.

A

affinity (of fetal haemoglobin) would be too high;
would not release oxygen readily enough / AW;
ref to idea that adult females will need difference with their
fetuses in due course;
ref to high partial pressure of oxygen in lungs allowing loading
with Hb with lower affinity;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Suggest how the heart would be affected if the Purkyne tissue ceased to function.

A

1 wave of excitation / impulse / AW, stops;
2 at the AVN / no transmission to heart apex / AW;
3 no ventricular, contraction / systole;
4 fibrillation / described e.g. heartbeat, unco-ordinated /
irregular / no rhythm;
5 blood not squeezed, upwards / out of ventricles / AW;
A ref to pressure change
6 atrial contraction continues;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The septum shown on the diagram completely separates the left and right sides of the heart.
Explain why it is important that the two sides of the heart are completely separated

A

stops oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing;
ensures, (fully) oxygenated blood gets to the body / deoxygenated
blood to lungs;
ref to possible drop in blood pressure if hole present;
ref to allowing different pressures being maintained on each side / AW;
AVP; e.g. prevention of rise in heart rate if two sides not separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the structure of veins and explain how their structure is related to their function.

A

S1 three named layers;
S2 (tunica intima / inner layer / AW) endothelium;
S3 (tunica intima / inner layer / AW)) squamous (epithelial) cells;
S4 (tunica media / middle layer / AW), thin / narrow / AW;
S5 (tunica media / middle layer / AW), muscle and elastic tissue;
R large amounts
refs to collagen neutral
S6 (tunica externa) collagen; R if muscle mentioned here
S7 valves;
S8 large / wide, lumen;
max 4 S marks credit S marks from labelled diagrams

F9 smooth, endothelium / epithelium / lining / AW, reduces friction;
R if smoothness related to muscle
F10 credit one reference to, thinness / strength, of wall withstanding low
pressure;
F11 ref to thinness of wall to allow skeletal muscle to squeeze vein;
F12 valves to prevent backflow / AW;
F13 ref to, wide lumen / walls distending, to accommodate large volume
of blood;
F14 detail of this e.g. relationship between large volume and slow flow rate;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain why the cell contents of the roots of xerophytes must have a water potential lower (more negative) than –50 kPa if the plants are to survive in these habitats.

A

water moves down a water potential gradient / AW;
by osmosis;
(ref to roots being below –50 kPa means) water will enter (the root);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Xerophytes are plants that are adapted for survival in areas where there is not much water available in the soil.
Xerophytes have various modifications that reduce water loss from their leaves.
State such adaptations that reduce water loss and explain how the reduction in loss is achieved.

A

covered in hairs;
reflect heat or water vapour, trapped / not blown away;
thick, waxy layer / cuticle / AW;
reduces loss (via the epidermis) / reflects heat; R no loss
if cuticle related to reflective nature, ‘thick’ not needed
small / AW, leaves; A no leaves (e.g. cacti) / needles / spines / spikes R thorns
reduced surface area for loss / reduces number of stomata;
R ref to spines etc related to preventing consumption by herbivores
 
sunken stomata / AW; A substomatal chamber hairs as an alternative here
water vapour, trapped / not blown away;
rolling up of leaves / curled leaves;
less surface area / stomata on inside or water vapour, trapped / not blown away;
small air spaces in the mesophyll;
quickly become fully saturated / reduced area for loss;
stomata, shut in day / open at night / AW;
day hotter / night cooler;
AVP; e.g. reduced stomatal number plus reason
AVP; timed leaf fall
rosette of leaves close to ground

22
Q

Describe the mechanism by which oxygen gets from the alveolar air space to the red blood cells.

A

diffusion / down a (concentration) gradient;
dissolves in the water film / goes into solution / AW;
crosses, cell(s) / named cell / cytoplasm / plasma / membrane(s) / wall
of alveolus or capillary;

23
Q

Once in the red blood cells, the oxygen is picked up by haemoglobin. Explain how features of red blood cells, other than the presence of haemoglobin, make them efficient in the collection of oxygen and its transport to the tissues.

A

biconcave / AW;
large surface area to volume (ratio);
optimum oxygen uptake / fast diffusion; ora for oxygen release at tissues
max 2 for this feature
small / about 7µm (diameter) / about same size as capillary / AW;
all haemoglobin close to surface / fast diffusion / short diffusion path /
capillaries can be small to get close to all tissues / (RBC) close to
capillary wall for exchange / AW;
no nucleus / no or few organelles;
maximum space for, oxygen carriage / haemoglobin;
elastic / flexible / pliable, membrane;
allows them to go along capillaries;

24
Q

feature that would allow you to identify a white blood cell as a lymphocyte when viewed with a light microscope

A

large nucleus / very little cytoplasm / non-granular cytoplasm /
about the same size as red blood cells but with a nucleus;

25
Q

Function of

Channel protein

A

allows passage of, polar substances / water soluble substances /
ions / suitable e.g. (allow water); R large molecule alone
allows facilitated diffusion

26
Q

Function of

Glycoprotein

A

cell recognition / antigen / receptor / cell adhesion /

binds to water molecules to stabilise membrane;

27
Q

Function of

Phospholipid bilayer

A

allows passage of lipid soluble substances (A water / O2 / CO2) /
prevents passage of water soluble substances;
forms, barrier / boundary / AW;

28
Q

Function of

Cholesterol

A

regulates, fluidity / stability;
restricts movement;
influences permeability of membrane;
storage;

29
Q

Endocytosis is one method by which substances enter cells.

Describe the process of endocytosis

A

membrane, folding in / engulfing / invaginates / AW;
fuses with itself / pinches off;
formation of, vesicle / vacuole; A completely surrounded by membrane
fate of vesicle; e.g. moves through cytoplasm / fate of contents
ref. fluid nature (of membrane) / requires energy;
A active / ATP R active transport
triggered by binding of molecule (to receptor site);
ref. to uptake of solid and liquid (not name alone);

30
Q

Some single-celled organisms live in estuaries where the concentration of salt changes regularly.
Explain, in terms of water potential, the problem faced by these organisms.

A 
ref. change in external ;
correct linking  to salt concentration;
correct ref. osmosis in, loss / gain;
consequence;
time / no problem, when i = o (isotonic) or way to overcome problem
31
Q

characteristic that is typical of prokaryotes, but not of eukaryotes

A

no nucleus / no nuclear membrane / no nucleolus / DNA free
(in cytoplasm); R DNA moving
naked DNA / DNA not associated with proteins / no chromosomes;
circular / loop, DNA;
no, membrane-bound organelles / e.g.;
smaller / 18nm / 70S, ribosomes;
no ER;
cell wall, not cellulose / polysaccharide and, amino acids / murein;
AVP; e.g. mesosomes / plasmids

32
Q

polysaccharides are compounds that are formed from small molecules joined together by chemical bonds.
Explain how the small molecules are joined together to form these compounds

A 
glycosidic (link) and peptide (bonds) (in correct context);
condensation;
ref. OH groups;
ref. NH2 and OH group;
water, removed / produced / by-product;
enzyme;
AVP; e.g. energy required
33
Q

Leghaemoglobin contains the same metal element as haemoglobin.
Name this metal element

A

iron

34
Q

Name the process that occurs in Rhizobium to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.

A

nitrogen) fixation

35
Q

It has been suggested that oxygen is an inhibitor of nitrogenase.
Explain one way in which oxygen could act as an inhibitor.

A

type of inhibition (competitive / non-competitive / reversible / irreversible);
basic mode of action (e.g. binds to active site);
detail;
consequence (e.g. prevents, substrate / nitrogen, from binding);

36
Q

Describe the process by which gases are exchanged at alveolus / alveoli

A

down a gradient / from high to low (concentrations);
oxygen at high(er) concentration in lung / ora;
dissolves in / crosses, water film;
(aqueous) path short / short diffusion path;
reverse gradient for carbon dioxide;
ref. to random molecular movement involved in diffusion;
ref. to maintenance of a steep gradient;

37
Q

Explain why mammals have large numbers of alveoli in their lungs.

A

generally) larger / correct ref. to size;
surface area decreased relative to volume / ora;
lung / alveoli, gives increased area (for gas exchange);
need for more oxygen;
due to, high (metabolic) activity / much respiration / more energy need;
cannot exchange across outer surface / no alternative surface;
high demand for carbon dioxide removal / AW;

38
Q

differences between tissue fluid and blood.

A 
Tissue fluid: 
no red blood cells
few/no plasma proteins
a few white blood cells
no platelets
always low pressure
some fats
not in vessles
blood:
red blood cells
plasma proteins
more white blood cells
platelets
pressure higher/variable
more fats
contained in vessles
39
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is formed and drained

A

1 pressure high at R / AW;
2 ref. to heart action causing (hydrostatic) pressure;
3 greater than, osmotic effect / water potential effect / AW;
A solute potential
4 capillary wall, is leaky / has pores / AW;
5 lets, fluid / water / plasma / liquid, through and dissolved
substances / named substance(s);
6 red blood cells / proteins / some WBC’s, cannot get out
because too large;
7 pressure low(er) at S;
8 ref. to osmotic effect / water potential effect; A solute potential
9 due to plasma proteins;
10 return of fluid / AW, at S / AW;
11 valves / pores, at T / lymph vessel / AW; R semi lunar valve
12 allow, fluid / water / liquid, into lymph vessel / out
of tissue fluid;
13 allow proteins out of tissue fluid;

40
Q

Suggest what could happen in the tissues of a person if the drainage at S and T was inefficient.

A

fluid / AW collects; R if suggests collection in cells
(tissue) swells / AW; R turgid R if implies cells swell
oedema;
especial danger, in lungs / pulmonary oedema;
ref. to build up of proteins (from tissues);
AVP; e.g. loss of blood volume

41
Q

How features of companion cells help with function

A

many) mitochondria provide, energy / ATP;
much respiration / metabolically active;
nucleus; controls functioning of both cells;

42
Q

How features of sieve tube help with function

A

How features of sieve tube help with function clear of most organelles / less resistance / ease of transport
organelles at edge / little cytoplasm / AW; / AW / more space for transport;
R empty
(if specific organelles given, need
at least 2)
long / elongated / AW; less resistance / ease of
transport / AW;
sieve plate / (sieve) pores; connects elements / lets
materials through / AW;
A reduces resistance
joined end to end; continuous / long distance,
transport;
bi-directional flow; allows sugar to go to sink
both up and downward / AW

43
Q

how each of the following features of xerophytic plants helps them to survive in their habitat.
The stomata are shut during the day and open at night

A

transpiration / evaporation / AW, occurs via stomata; R water loss
(generally) warm(er) in day;
more evaporation / transpiration will occur (in context);
ref. to steeper water potential gradient;
shutting, stops / reduces, this loss;

44
Q

how each of the following features of xerophytic plants helps them to survive in their habitat.
The leaves of some plants are reduced to spines or needles.

A 
small surface area;
less transpiration / evaporation / AW (in context);
R water loss R no transpiration
fewer stomata / AW;
protection against grazing / AW;
45
Q

how each of the following features of xerophytic plants helps them to survive in their habitat.
The epidermis may be covered by hairs.

A

hairs trap, water vapour / moisture in air; R just moisture
prevent wind effect / AW;
reduces water potential gradient;
less, transpiration / evaporation / AW (in context);
R water loss R no transpiration
correct ref. to condensation of water vapour;

46
Q

explain why it is important that fetal haemoglobin and maternal haemoglobin are different.

A

to allow, fetus / fetal haemoglobin, to get oxygen (at placenta);
at, low / same, partial pressure of oxygen;
maternal haemoglobin releases oxygen / AW;
ref. to higher affinity of fetal haemoglobin (allows it to pick oxygen up);

47
Q

Describe how the production of carbon dioxide during respiration leads to a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.

A

ref. carbon dioxide (diffusion / AW, from tissues) to red blood cells;
carbon dioxide reacts with water;
to give carbonic acid;
ref. to carbonic anhydrase;
carbonic acid, dissociates / AW, releasing, H+ / hydrogen ions;

48
Q

Describe how haemoglobin acts to reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.

A

H+ / hydrogen ions, combine with / AW, haemoglobin;

49
Q

State the word or phrase that best describes a structure made up of different types of tissue working together to perform a particular function.

A

organ(s);

50
Q

State the word or phrase that best describes the ability of a microscope to distinguish between two separate points

A

resolution / resolving power;

all biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions